Cross cultural Management and International Business

Introduction The technological advances and achievements have brought people from different parts of the world and diverse cultural backgrounds very close. People having different cultural identities are communicating are working together (Lauring, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Cultural Management and International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is good to be close to one another and know about different cultures, however having cultural diversity at workplaces may also create havoc. There are certain things that are permissible in one culture and some are considered as cultural taboos. Organizational management requires execution of various tasks such as establishing procedures and developing strategies. Besides this, the organizations need to motivate their workforce to accomplish selected tasks. A sound understanding of the cultural diversities is necessary for carrying out these t asks (Kawar, 2012). Cross cultural management is a stream of management that emphasizes on the processes and policies involving the management of workers coming from diverse cultural backgrounds. It also facilitates the implementation of management tasks by regulating the impact of cultural differences (Sà ¸derberg Holden 2002, p.103). The contributions of two pioneers, Adler (International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour 1991) and Hofstede (Culture’s Consequences 1980) is very significant in the field of cross cultural management. In this essay we will focus on the role of culture in international business situations and also the strategies and frameworks that are appropriate in cross-cultural management. Literature Review The concept of culture According to Hofstede Geert, culture is â€Å"the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another† (cited in Kawar 2012, p.105).He studied cultural diversi ty mainly between the nationalities (Kawar 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly Gudykunst and Kim (1992) identified culture as a ‘â€Å"systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people† (Jameson, 2007, p.203).  By large groups they meant different countries. While interacting with people in an intercultural business situation, it is important to reconceptualise one’s cultural identity in order to understand others’ frame of mind Edward Hall (1959) describes culture as an influential force in casting one’s identity. He defines culture as â€Å"a mould in which we all are cast and it controls our lives in many unsuspected ways† (Jameson, 2007, p.199).  Cross-cultural relationships are very complex and unique in nature. Hence, there has to be individual consideration for each situation (Gullestrup, 2002). Cross-cultural differences and international business International managers face the challenge of working on different premises at one time including their own culture, culture of the working place or culture of their organization. Every culture has a distinct notion for terms like â€Å"authority, accountability, verification, good fellowship, creativity bureaucracy (Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, 1998, p.3). It is noteworthy that our cultural prejudices and habituated behaviours may be different. Cultural values intervene in the accurate transfer for messages between culturally diverse people (Peltokorpi, 2010). While interacting with people in an intercultural business situation, it is important to reconceptualise one’s cultural identity in order to understand others’ frame of mindCross cultural differences are studied by various authors using different paradigms. Hofstede’s four dimensions of cultural differences According to Hofstede (1980), culture can be analysed in four different ways. They are:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Cultural Management and International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individualism and Collectivism: Different cultures have different preferences about the individuals and groups. Some cultures prefer the individual over group whereas others give more importance to the group rather than the individual (cited in Kawar 2012, p.106). Individualism emphasizes on valuing one’s own interests or the interests of one’s family. Countries that cherish individualism are United States and Great Britain etc. On the other hand collectivism emphasizes on group feeling and thinks about others interests owing to loyalty. India and Singapore etc. have the traits of elevated collectivism. Power Distance: It refers to the acceptance level of employees regarding the unequal distribution of power in the organization. The high power distance cultures such as India, Mexico, and Philippines etc. relate bypassing the superiors to noncompliance; low power distance cultures do not hesitate in bypassing the boss for their own interest. Countries like USA and Israel belong to thecategory of low power distance culture (Kundu 2001). Uncertainty avoidance: According to Hofstede every culture doesn’t accept changes in the same manner. Some cultures take change as an experiment while others do not take it in this way (cited in Kawar 2012, p.106). Adler (1997) believes that high uncertainty avoidance cultures such as Japan foster permanent jobs whereas low uncertainty avoidance cultures such as Hong Kong and India witness job mobility quite frequently (cited in Kundu, 2001, p. 2). Masculinity and Femininity: Masculine societies cherish materialistic values including achievement, money and possessions whereas feminine societies lay emphasis on interactions among people, empathy for other people, and the quality of life. Countries having masculine features are India, Austria USA and Italy etc. On the other hand countries like Denmark, Norway and Sweden etc. follow femininism (Kundu 2001). Besides the above four dimensions, Adler (1997) introduced one more dimension called Confucian Dynamism. This relates to workers commitment to work ethic and admiration for their tradition. Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan demonstrate robust work ethic and hence are called the four tigers of Asia. They are highly committed to traditional Confucian principles (cited in Kundu 2001, p 5). Hall’s context and time theory Hall introduced a different dimension to cross-cultural differences. He proclaimed that culture can be differentiated on the basis of context and time. High and low context cultures: High context culture: People representing high context culture have a non-verbal behaviour. They depend more on signs and symbols and body language etc. The communication is often through code s and the agreements are spoken and flexible. The relationships are permanent and cherish a sound mutual involvement in extensive families and friendship network. Low context cultures: People representing low context culture communicate openly with clear information. They prefer putting their preferences in different sections. Communication is more clear and formal. They require detailed information regarding any decision making. Agreements are written and obligatory. The bureaucratic system leads to distribution of power, however it is difficult to identify anyone’s personal identity. Sequential or Monochronic Time theory: People representing this culture give much importance to time in their life. They stress on the proper utilization of time and sitting idle, wait for someone or having spare time is not appreciated at all. Time is money for them. Synchronic or polychromic Time theory: Time is just like the other occurrences in life for people in synchronic cultures. Human relations are more important than the time schedules for them. Time is considered a flexible commodity that can be manipulated according to the requirements. The Five dimension theory of Trompenaars Trompenaars believes that all cultures face similar challenges, but their solution differ on the depending on their attitude regarding relationship to time and nature and also with other people. He found five dimensions to his cross cultural theory: Universalism/Particularism: Universalism binds people in rules and regulations that are unchangeable, whereas particularism does not hesitate in breaking them for family and friends. Particularism directs people to change their behaviour and practices depending on the circumstances. Affective/Neutral: Affective cultures are dominated by emotions and people freely express their emotions whereas in neutral cultures reason is given more importance, people control their emotions. Diffuse/ Specific: People from specific cultures have a separate large public space and a small private space that is restricted to close acquaintances only whereas in diffuse cultures people have a common public and private space. People in specific cultures are not much cautious about their public space but in diffuse culture they are extra cautious as a peep into their public space will reveal their personal space too. Achievement/Ascription: Achievement oriented cultures attribute status depending on the achievements whereas in ascription cultures age, gender and class etc decide the status of an individual. Individualism/ Communitarianism: Individualism gives preferences to the interests of the individuals whereas communitarianism puts the interest of community over individual interest, (Ming-xiang, 2012 Management in international business The basic requirements of international management include: examining the new environment and supposing its influence on the home enterprise, implementing relevant strategies and management skills to ada pt to the new situation in a virtuous manner. International management emphasises on applying the appropriate management systems and methods based on the prerequisites of particular country and associated people (Adekola Sergi, 2012). It is mandatory for the managers to refine their cross cultural communication and negotiation skills and polish their etiquettes in order to successfully manage their business at international level. Global managers need to efficient and skilled in dealing with the challenges of like globalization, technological progress, changing environment and competition (Steers et al, 2010). Organizations encourage their managers to travel abroad in order to learn innovative skills and coordination through cross-cultural communication that would help them in managing cultural differences. This global acquaintance provides managers to experience the cultural diversity of other places. According to Yu (2007), globalization in business leads to â€Å"a compelling n eed for standardization in organizational design, management strategies, communication patterns because managers will find themselves faced with multiple challenges originating from domestic and cultural issues and socio-economic systems. Adaptation is critical and essential for corporate success† (cited in Okoro, 2013, p.2). Competency of firms at national and international level and their efficiency in communicating with the stakeholders determines their success in international situations. The expansion of a great number of multinational companies in various countries of the world has increased in the past few years.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These companies are having expansion either through direct investments or partnership arrangements that is done with the local operations. These trends are indicative of the fact that successful completion of the investment plans of corporations depends on strategic management, negotiation and communication cross-cultural business situations. Chaney Martin (2011) believe that â€Å"a good understanding and appreciation of the culture in which business is conducted can make international managers both effective and productive† (cited in Okoro, 2013, p.3).  Sensible management of cultural diversity can benefit organizations with growth and wellbeing and sustain the competition at global level. Some authors believe that companies having employees with cultural diversity witness better decentralization and authorization at local level (Dupriez as cited in Sà ¸derberg Holden, 2002). Importance of cultural management The significance of cross cultural management can be realized in the situations where cultural differences give rise to confusions and conflicts. Cultural differences may also cause miscommunication of ideas and instructions. It is essential for managers in international business to practice cross cultural management in order to avoid misjudgement and mistakes while dealing with the customers, and stakeholders and suppliers (Sà ¸derberg Holden, 2002) International business management highly requires efficiency in cross cultural management so as to avoid corporate undoing and sustain long lasting partnerships. Cultural differences are considered a barrier in communication and often create confusion and misunderstandings. However, there is also a prevailing notion that cross cultural diversity is helpful in the competitive world of international business. Cross cultural interactions can be advantageous as they allow transfer of knowledge and experiences from one cultural to another. Schneider and Barsoux (1997) believe that appropriate manage ment of cross cultural issues lies in â€Å"treating diversity as a resource rather than a threat that is essential for responding to the demands of a global market economy, for reaping the full benefits of cross-border alliances, and for enhancing organizational learning† (as cited in Sà ¸derberg Holden 2002, p.105) Cultural diversity can be acknowledged as a prospect for goal attainment as it provides ample solutions resulting in substantial competitive benefit. International businesses can utilize their resources efficiently by improving multicultural strategies and creative problem solving practices (Majlergaard, 2006). Further, Morosini (1998) and Gertsen and Sà ¸derberg (2000) declare on the basis of their studies on the subject that internal discussions and comparisons of management styles may prove beneficial for the organizations. They believe that international mergers oblige the employees to reveal their indigenous cultural distinctiveness and organizational per formances. These cultural identifications and activities are interconnected with those originating from the new working environment. Thus intermingling of these cultural identifications creates a new cultural identification associated with the new combined organization.(cited in Sà ¸derberg Holden 2002). Considering both the notions, it is evident that culture plays a significant role in the global marketing economy and requires appropriate handling by the international marketers.  Sà ¸derberg Holden (2002)proclaim that â€Å"The core task of cross cultural management in a globalizing business world is to facilitate and direct synergistic interaction and learning at interfaces, where knowledge, values and experience are transferred into multicultural domains of implementation† (p. 113). Cross cultural management becomes more significant in the world of multinational companies where co-operation may be difficult due to different cultural backgrounds of the workforces. Gl obalization has resulted in the establishment of several companies all round the world. It has increased communication across diverse cultures. Culture is learnt through communicating in different ways involving coding and decoding language and relevant symbols. Hence, culture and communication complement each other in a given situation (Kawar 2012). This case study will look into the cultural context of India and the U.S. in order to identify the cultural similarities and differences embedded within both the nationalities. Based on Hofstede’s five dimensions of cultural difference, we can evaluate the cross-cultural difference as obstacles and some commonalities that may occur as facilitators in business relations between India and the U.S. Indians believe in collectivist value system. The Indian social system is based on the hierarchical pattern where the head of the family is the decision making authority. Family is given more importance than work. Respect for elders, pare nts’ financial backing, joint family system and family owned businesses are the other features of Indian society. In the U.S. individual needs and achievements are of prime importance for the people. Decisions are not influenced by others and every individual is encouraged to pursue his personal choices. Americans have separate value for their carrier and family. Second distinction between the two countries is based on the power distance. India has a much higher score in power distance as compared to the U.S. The cultural hierarchy in India provides all authority to the boss, and employees are expected to follow the orders without raising any issues. In the U.S. this kind of power hierarchy is not found. Power is not accumulated at some levels, rather distributed equally. People are appreciated for their upward mobility and have the freedom to approach the senior managers easily (LeFebvre, 2011). Level of context is another dimension that differentiates Indian culture from Am erican culture In the U.S. communication is more explicit and straightforward. In view of the ethical behaviour in business the U.S. depends on in on professional behaviour whereas India gives more importance to relationships. American managers believe in using an analytical approach whereas Indians prefer using an intuitive approach based on the contextual circumstances while deciding ethical issues (Christie, 2000 as cited in LeFebvre, 2011). Indian culture is a high-context culture Indian and American culture has some common characteristics that make business transactions possible between them. Both the countries have roots from British colonization. People dealing in business are well aware of the rules and regulations of the business world. Kaptein (2004) studied the frequency of business codes at an international level and found that India, England and the U.S. were at the top among countries which follow business codes.  6. Recommendations: These cultural differences may po se problems for the international managers. It is important for the managers to build trust for doing business in different cultural environments. Mangers require using their managerial skills in dealing with these cross-cultural differences. For example Americans may have to adjust with ‘Boss is always right system’ in India whereas Indians will have to adapt to the openness in the hierarchical system of the organization prevalent in American culture. In cross-cultural business environments, the differences in attitude towards work can be handled with patience and determination. Time is money for Americans and they cannot afford wasting it whereas Indians are flexible about schedules and appointments. It is very important to learn about the culture of the business partners before venturing into international business. Good communication skills and adaptability to different cultural environments can help in managing cultural diversity. Conclusion Sensible management of cultural diversity can benefit organizations with growth and wellbeing and put up with the competition at global level. Cross cultural management becomes more significant in the world of multinational companies where co-operation may be difficult due to different cultural backgrounds of the workforces. International management emphasises on applying the appropriate management systems and methods based on the conditions of particular country and associated people. References Adekola, A. Sergi, B.S., 2012, Global Business Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Hampshire, England. Adler, N.J. 1983, ‘Cross-Cultural Management: Issues to Be Faced’, International Studies of Management Organization, vol. 13, no.  ½, pp. 7-45. Gullestrup, Hans, 2002, ‘The complexity of intercultural communication in cross-cultural management’, Intercultural communication, Issue 6. Jameson, D.A., 2007, ‘Reconceptualizing, cultural identity and i ts role in intercultural business communication’, Journal of Business Communication, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 199-235. Kaptein, M., 2004, ‘Business Codes of Multinational Firms: What Do They Say?’ Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 13-31. Kawar, T.I.,2012, ‘Cross-cultural Differences in Management’, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 105-111. Kundu, S.C., 2001, ‘Managing cross-cultural diversity: A challenge for present and future organizations’, Delhi Business Review, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1-8. Lauring, J. 2011, ‘Intercultural Organizational Communication: The social organizing of interaction in international encounters’, Journal of Business Communication, vol. 48, no.3, pp. 231-255. LeFebvre, R., 2011, ‘Cross-cultural comparison of business ethics in the U.S. and India: A study of business codes of conduct’, Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markers, vol. 3, p p. 390-408. Majlergaard, F. D. Release the power of cultural diversity in international business, 2006. Web. Ming-xiang, L. 2012, ‘Comparison of the Studies on Intercultural Communication’, US-China Foreign Language, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1207-1213. Okoro, E. 2013, ‘International Organizations and Operations: An Analysis of Cross-Cultural Communication Effectiveness and Management Orientation’, Journal of Business Management, vol.1, no.1. Peltokorpi, V. 2010, ‘Intercultural communication in foreign subsidiaries: The influence of expatriates’ language and cultural competencies’, Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 26, pp. 176—188. Sà ¸derberg, A. Holden, N. 2002, ‘Rethinking Cross Cultural Management in a Globalizing Business World’, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, vol. 2, pp. 103-121. Steers, R.M., Sanchez-Runde, C.J. Nardon, L., 2010, Management across cultures: challenges and strategies, Ca mbridge University Press, New York, USA. Trompenaars, F. Hampden- Turner, C., 1998, Riding the waves of culture, 2nd edn, Nicholas Brealey Publishing Ltd, London, UK. This essay on Cross Cultural Management and International Business was written and submitted by user Muhammad S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

REBUILDING IRAQ essays

REBUILDING IRAQ essays Since the acts of terror on 9/11, President George W. Bush has cracked down on suspicious behavior all around the world to prevent future terrorist attacks. After the tragic September morning, Americans and President Bush entered a war to rid the world of terrorism and anyone responsible for supporting terrorism. On September 11, 2001, America felt its vulnerability. It was a shock to most Americans that the United States homeland was attacked by a foreign entity. President George W. Bush spoke about the war on terrorism saying, We resolved then, and we are resolved today, to confront every threat from any source that could bring sudden terror and suffering to America. There is no distinction between terrorists who commit these acts of terror and those who harbor terrorists (qtd. in Brainyquote). When America attacked Iraq and Saddam Hussein, we attacked a nation that was supported terrorism and represented a gathering threat to the American people. America could no longer ignore the threat of Saddam Husseins Iraq; our negligence could have lead to more terrorist acts and ultimately come in the form of a mushroom cloud. On June 6, 1944, American troops embarked on a mission to free Europe from the clutches of Adolph Hitler, a dictator who terrorized his own people and conquered his neighbors. Today, our troops have embarked on a mission to free Iraq from the clutches of Saddam Hussein, a dictator who terrorizes his own people and has tried to conquer his neighbors. Americas military has shredded through Iraq freeing all Iraqis from the dictatorship of Saddam with the objective of creating a new democratic Iraq. As the war in Iraq continues and casualties mount, America has shifted its focus from combat to rebuilding Iraqs infrastructure. However, there is no obvious solution in the reconstruction of a tattered Iraq. Therefore, there are many challenges and issues that are relevant to achieving a ...

Significance of Imperialism in the period before 1914 Essay

Significance of Imperialism in the period before 1914 - Essay Example lism refers to the subjugation of states and societies of the Africa, Pacific, and Asia by European great powers during the 19th and the 20th century (Wait, 2003). Many of the Westerners believed that Europe had to civilize their brothers beyond the seas. It was as a moral obligation to civilize the uncivilized. Therefore, the Missionaries ended up supporting colonization believing that European control would be helpful in spreading Christianity to the colonies (Rosenthal & RodicÃŒ , 2015). The spread of Christianity had both positively and negatively influence on the world. On a positive note, the spread of Christianity opened up the rest of the colonies and enabled the advancement of formal education and the civilization of the regions. Christianity ultimately led to the development and growth of the colonies. On a wider scope, the spread of Christianity also contributed to an end to the slave trade in the Pacific Ocean (Rosenthal & RodicÃŒ , 2015). On the other hand, the spread of Christianity impacted negatively as it was one of the key sources of first World War. The imperialist nations scrambled and grabbed colonies in the name of spreading the â€Å"Good News’ and Evangelism contributing to tensions amongst them. The result of such tensed relationship led to the formation of blocks that fueled the occurrence of World War I (Rosenthal & RodicÃŒ , 2015). The expansion course traced back to the Iberian voyage of the discovery of the fifteenth century. By 1900, the British had a colony on 400 million subjects as well as the quarter of the globe. The French had a possession of six million square miles and fifty-two million people. Germany had acquired six million square miles and had fifteen million people under its authority (Bönker, 2012). The primary aim for the scramble was for economic advancement, which ultimately led to capitalism. Powerful European nations acquired colonies that had abundant resources. Minerals such as gold and other

The Price System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Price System - Assignment Example The cigarettes packed in packets were essential for large transactions because they attracted good offers from the smokers. However, the cigarettes were also not convenient for a currency because people smoked them during the low supply seasons (Radford 1945, p. 190). The other disadvantage is that some prisoners reduced the tobacco contents in the cigarettes to make their own hand-rolled cigarettes for resale. British households devise arrangements to share their washing machines because of the high demand that the machines attract in the neighbourhoods. It is apparent that most British do not like washing their clothes because of time limitations and the high prices charged at the laundries. As a result, they enjoy spending money on expensive durable goods that they use for a few hours each week, which are cheaper than acquiring the services of the launders. During the alcohol beverages prohibition in the US between 1920 and ‘33, whisky and gin were plentiful because the clients were willing to use the substitutes. It is apparent that the shortage of a product will increase the demand of the substitute commodities. This is because the clients were willing to consume any alcoholic drink that could help them overcome the thirst or enjoy their time. Price control is government’s intervention in the liberal markets in a bid to set the maximum and minimum charges for commodities. An example of the price control is the price ceiling, which the highest price to charge, while the price floor is the lowest cost to implement. In this regard, prices set by the government can cause either a shortage or a surplus in the economy. The property rights of people are the privileges to control the way in which particular resources will be used. This does not consider the owner of the property, whether it is possessed by an individual or the

Research papers Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Papers - Research Paper Example The research shall also identify the challenges as well as the weaknesses of this service as provided by SMS mobile company, basing on the result from customer responses. Mobile usage was initially common among very few individuals who could afford the services. These were the rich businessmen of very high esteem. Today, mobile services a widely used by the young people between fifteen and eighteen years of age. This research shall involve the various stages that assist in research. Field work will be done and preceded by armchair research that shall put down the report. The research methodology shall involver interviews among the young as well as questionnaires that will be administered to one hundred respondents. The questionnaires shall basically focus on the various features of the service such as service reply reliability as well as the duration of message delivery. The questionnaire shall also seek top find the average e=ages of the respondents upon analysis. This will help fin d out the heavy users of the services and record their age bracket. The data obtained shall be analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The reason for choosing questionnaires in the research is basically because of the sample size. The sample size could be very large but the sample selected represents the views of the others due to the uniformity of mobile services. The questionnaires are very precise and do not seek to know the name of the respondents. This then encourages and increases accuracy in the data collection exercise. QUESTION 2 The first portable computers were introduced in early 1975 around California. With advancement in technology in which virtually all leading manufacturers of computers have gone through, very reliable high-speed portable computers have been introduced in the market and are widely used today in businesses as well as personal ventures. Due to the generation that has witnessed the development made in the side of computer adva ncement, the young people have been exposed more into the use of these computers. The ultimate difference or challenge in the use of these computers is the cost of acquiring a computer. This has led to the fact that only those with a reasonable income. A research has been initiated to dig deeper into the fact and figures regarding the services offered by these computers that are unique in a way that only the young are able to manipulate the computers for results. The research shall seek to find out the challenges these computers have brought as well as the significance of these computers. The research shall target young people of reasonably stable income. The challenges and general report obtained shall be used to improve the market and satisfy the potential clients. The research shall begin by identifying the objectives as well as the research questions that will help identifying the nature and scope of the study. This will lead to the sampling where a specific sample of those who will be involved in the research. The methodology shall involve the administration of questionnaires but scheduled interview shall be very effective. The effectiveness of these interviews is based on the fact that the respondents are able to demonstrate as well as show the challenges using the same computers that are in question. The sample size shall depend upon the number

Effect of Surface Area in an Experiment

Effect of Surface Area in an Experiment Title: The effect of surface area in an experiment. Chosen factor: effects of surface area Chosen experiment: Calcium carbonate and Hydrochloric acid (option 2) Questions: Will increasing the surface area of the calcium carbonate slow down the reaction rate? How do you increase the surface are of Calcium Carbonate? Will increasing the surface are of Calcium Carbonate speed up the reaction rate? Will the smaller surface area Calcium carbonate have a faster reaction rate than the larger surface area Calcium carbonate? Background Information: What is a reaction rate? A reaction rate is the rate in which a chemical reaction occurs. (Britannica.com, 2017) The reaction rate can be increased by increasing the surface area (crushed material). For example, in custard powder factories, there is a high rate of the custard powder exploding, because of the larger surface area. This happens because the finer the substance is crushed, more particles are exposed to the other substance in the experiment (BBC,2014) To increase surface area, the material needs to be crushed into a powder. For less surface area, the material needs to stay in a big clump. Diagram sourced off (BBC, 2014) This diagram shows the reaction rate of a greater surface area (blue) is much faster than the smaller surface area (red). The finer a substance is, generally, the faster the reaction rate will be. The larger surface area can also act as a Catalyst. (chemguide,2013) Collision theory is a theory based off particles of elements colliding together, which creates a chemical reaction. Any collisions without enough energy wont produce a reaction. For a reaction to occur, there must be energy within the atom which will cause them to collide together to create a chemical reaction. (BBC,2014) Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric acid: In the experiment the Calcium Carbonate will be crushed, then combined with the hydrochloric acid. Alongside the crushed calcium carbonate will be two other different grades of Calcium Carbonate which will have a lower surface area to each other. The different grades reaction times will be compared to each other in 3 different experiments. Experiment formula: calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water CaCoÂÂ ³ + 2HCI CaClÂÂ ² + H2O + COÂÂ ² (Chemguide, 2013) Hypothesis: It is hypothesised that when the surface area is increased, the reaction rate will speed up. When the surface area is decreased the reaction, rate will slow down because, the chemical can only react with the outside of the substance and chew away at it until there is none left, but with an increased surface area there is more atoms to react with compared to a small surface area. The independent variable that will be changed is the surface area of the calcium carbonate (small, medium, large). The dependent variable will be the time of the ration rate in each experiment. The controlled variable will be the amount of calcium carbonate and the amount of hydrochloric acid that is in each experiment. Method: Collect all equipment needed for the experiment. Setup experiment, then add 100ml of Hydrochloric acid to each of the beakers. (when adding Hydrochloric acid to the beakers, ensure eyes are at the same level of the beaker to make an accurate measurement. Add all 3 Different grades of Calcium Carbonate to each one of the beakers (make sure Calcium Carbonate is placed in each beaker with care.) Setup should look like this: Start timer and record results in a table as shown below. Surface area: Time: Large (powder) 1:02mins Medium (medium chips) 10mins+ Small (big chips) 10mins When the reaction completely stopped, all chemicals are tipped into the sink and the sink is washed clean of chemicals. All equipment that has been used is cleaned, and packed into the box. Wet and dry wipe table with disinfectant, ensuring all chemicals have been removed off the surface. Aim: The aim of the experiment was to find out if a larger surface are has a faster reaction time than a smaller surface area. Equipment list: Stopwatches (3) Calcium Carbonate: (large chips, 18g) (Small chips, 18g) (powder, 18g) Hydrochloric acid (270ml) 1M Watch glasses (3) Spatula Measuring cylinder Beakers (3) Gloves Apron Goggles Risk assessment: Possible Risk Prevention Glass breakage Carry all beakers with care. Do not try to cool glass down with cold water otherwise it will smash. Chemical spillage To not run with chemicals, and watch what you are doing with your body parts. Chemical contact with skin or cuts Wash out thoroughly Results: 1st experiment: Surface area: Time: Observations: Clarity: Large 1:02 mins Bubbling reaction, slowly dissolving, sizzling noise, long time to dissolve, white bubbles. Clear Medium 10 mins+ Bubbling reaction, makes liquid cloudy, sizzling noise, reaction is slow, little bubbles, slowed at 8 mins. Cloudy Small 10 mins+ Furious reaction in the first 10 seconds, slowed down at 15 seconds, loud sizzling noise finished just over 1 min. Very cloudy 2nd Experiment: Surface area: Time: Observations: Clarity: Large 1:01 mins Medium 10 mins+ Small 10 mins+ 3rd Experiment: Surface area: Time: Observations: Clarity: Large 1:09 mins Medium 10 mins + Small 10 mins + (Made by Mac Ross on excel) (Made by Mac Ross on excel) Discussion: All results were in seconds difference to each other. All experiments had the exact same reaction happen every time. All research that was taken was accurate. The hypothesis which was stated was It is hypothesised that when the surface area is increased, the reaction rate will speed up. When the surface area is decreased the reaction, rate will slow down because, the chemical can only react with the outside of the substance and chew away at it until there is none left, but with an increased surface area there is more atoms to react with compared to a small surface area. This hypothesis was supported, because the smaller the surface area was, the faster the reaction happened. Surface area is used in many different scenarios in the world to this day. One of these is in carburetted engines. When fuel goes though the carburettor the fuel gets made into a mist, which is far more explosive than just a drop of fuel. The graphs both show that all of the experiments were very similar. The lar ge surface area experiment when significantly quicker than the other 2. With an average of 1:04 minutes for reaction rate it smashed the other 2. The reaction mainly happened in the first 15 seconds and then slowed down a lot, but it was still fizzing. The other 2 experiments were fizzing the whole time with no increase or decrease in speed with fizzing. The Medium surface area experiment had a misty fizz to it but it wasnt anywhere near as aggressive as the large surface area experiment. We stopped the experiment at 10 minutes as it was taking too long for the experiment to end, but there was defiantly a decrease in size. The small surface area experiment was a very slow reaction compared to the large surface are reaction. Its bubbles were big and not aggressive at all. We also had to end this experiment at 10 minutes because it was taking too long. Evaluation: The Experiments went according to plan, and there were no mishaps. Having 3 experiments going at once saved us a lot of time, and having all of the calcium carbonated crushed up and ready to go also saved us lots of time, which worked well. Not being able to complete the whole reaction for the small and medium surface area reactions was something that didnt work. Our group went together like peas and carrots. To make the experiment more accurate I would have used a stronger acid, so that we could get a result for each reaction, a bigger working space so that everything wasnt cluttered, to accurate measuring equipment, so we could improve on the accuracy, and I would have taken better photos to put in the write up so that people can see the layout better. If I was to repeat this experiment again I would use less calcium carbonate and a stronger hydrochloric acid, so that we could get a time for each experiment instead of ending the experiment at 10 minutes. This also would have given us a better understanding of how surface area affects the reaction rate. Conclusion: When the surface area is increased between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, the reaction rate is sped up. The hypothesis was supported by the results in the experiment. The results showed that the research and hypothesis were all accurate, and the results were that the larger is surface area is the fast it will react. The small the surface area was, the slower the reaction was, but the experiment did have some mishaps, which can be easily be tweaked to be the perfect experiment. But the experiment was successful in finding the result we were looking for, not only because of chemical reason but because of how our group worked together as well. Reference list: Bbc.co.uk. (2017). BBC GCSE Bitesize: Effect of surface area. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/chemical_economics/reaction3rev1.shtml [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Chemguide.co.uk. (2017). The effect of surface area on rates of reaction. [online] Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/surfacearea.html [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Chemistry LibreTexts. (2017). Collision Theory. [online] Available at: https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Kinetics/Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/Collision_Theory [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017].

Comparison of The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found :: English Literature

Comparison of The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found are two poems that are quite different to each other, in the aspect of language used, themes and ideas, and imagery. I shall look at each poem in detail in this essay, along with the different ideas that I get from them. In The Little Boy Lost, the first stanza of the poem gives the reader images of a father ignoring, possibly abandoning his son and walking away from him. This stanza is written in first person, to show us how confused the boy is. The language the boy uses in the first stanza could tell us that his father is walking away from him completely out-of-the-blue, and he does not know what he has done and does not know why his father is leaving him. In the second stanza, we can truly see the effects of a little boy being lost. The images we get are of a young child, alone, with â€Å"no father there†, and â€Å"wet with dew†. And the language in the second stanza is the typical language describing a lost child, scared and crying. But, the â€Å"vapour† in line 4 of the second stanza could symbolise a lost and confused child going towards a light, trying anything to get out of the darkness, and the feeling of loneliness. However, in The Little Boy Found, we can tell from the title that this poem will be more optimistic and positive. In the first stanza, in the first two lines, the imagery hasn’t changed from A Little Boy Lost, a child lost and crying. But, in the last two lines of this stanza, God appears before him. This contrasts to The Little Boy Lost because his father abandoned him, but God, the â€Å"Father† to all living things comes to find him. And the introduction of the colour white in the darkness extends the idea that this poem will be more optimistic than The Little Boy Lost. In the second stanza, God takes the child back to his mother. The child’s mother is oblivious to her child being taken away,

Sierra Nevada’s

The Sierra Nevada mountain range stretches across the eastern side of the state of California. The range begins in the south at the Tehachapi Pass near Bakersfield and stretches north to Lake Almanor. The Sierra Nevada range is 400 miles long, north-to-south and has an average width of 70 miles wide. It was formed through subduction when the Pacific plate slid under the North American plate. The range is made up of deeply imbedded rock otherwise known as batholiths. The eastern slope of the mountains rose steeply which cause those slopes to be steep while the western sides are only gradually steep but not like the east 1. Thus the range provided as an early barrier to entrance into California and travelers had to go through the various passes to proceed, such as the famous Donner Pass. Although the Sierra Nevada mountain range, which in Spanish means the snowy range, is grandeur as a whole certain mountains and peaks throughout the range are more important. The biggest mountain of the whole would be Mount Whitney which happens to be the tallest mountain in all of the continental United States. Mount Whitney stands at a modest 14,505 feet. It is located right outside of the town of Lone Pine and is an obvious attraction because of its record holding. Therefore, many people are eager to reach the highest point in the US so a trail was built on the western slope to allow hikers to conquer the mountain. The main trail is the Mount Whitney trail and it is 21. 3 miles long and can be completed in a day 2. Other trails are also available but take longer and usually require overnight stays but do provide more views of the mountain. Mount Whitney is not the only mountain available to hike in the Sierra Nevada’s but is one of the most popular because of its sheer height. Another significant mountain in the range lies right up the US395 and is called Mammoth Mountain. Mammoth is actually an active volcano and was formed through a series of volcanic eruptions throughout the years. However, there are not any major eruptions anymore just minor ones. The mountain peaks at 11,059 feet but it contains a great ski resort that is actually the highest ski resort in California. Mammoth receives 400 plus inches of snow every year and is considered to be one of the best if not the best resort in California 3. Also, located near Mammoth Mountain is the National Monument called the Devil’s Postpile. It is a natural awe which is columnar basalt that is created by a lava flow that when slowly cooled and dried creates what looks like symmetrical posts. Before the site became a monument in 1911, declared by President Taft, it was almost blown up for the creation of a dam 4. Thankfully, the project was not completed or many sight seers would have not had the opportunity to see this amazing work of nature. Another spectacular sight in the Sierra Nevada range is the half dome at Yosemite National Park. The rock which is in the shape of a half dome rests above the Yosemite Valley and is a well known sight often used as a logo such as for the Sierra Club. Half Dome was formed by exfoliation where the rock cracks into sheets and then the missing face was carried away by the apparent glaciers that once filled the valley during the Pleistocene Ice Ages 5. However, geologists believe that there was never a full rock and that the current state of the rock is fairly close to what it looked like before the ice age. Nevertheless, Half Dome has dramatic views that hikers enjoy when climbing to the top. The park rangers are on site at the bottom of the rock from May to October when there are poles and wires attached to the rock to assist hikers in the 400 foot climb to the top of the rock. Basically, the Sierra’s offer numerous attractions as well as awesome views that can accommodate anyone who enjoys being outdoors and appreciates the wonders of nature. Works Cited â€Å"Devils Postpile National Monument (U. S. National Park Service). † U. S. National Park Service – Experience Your America. http://www. nps. gov/depo/index. htm (accessed February 20, 2011). â€Å"Mammoth Mountain – Skiing and Riding. † Mammoth Mountain Ski Area – Skiing, Snowboarding, Rentals, Lodging and More. http://www. mammothmountain. om/MountainActivities/WinterActivities/SkiingRiding/ (accessed February 20, 2011). â€Å"Mount Whitney: Climbing Mt Whitney. † Mount Whitney: Climbing Mt Whitney. http://www. mount-whitney. com/climbing_mt_whitney. php (accessed February 20, 2011). Resendes, Mary. â€Å"Geology of the Sierra Nevadas. † Central Sierra Historical Society. http://www. sierrahistorical. org/archives/geology. html (accessed February 20, 2011). â€Å"Yosemite National Park, California. † Learning Online @ MJC Home Page. http://virtual. yosemite. cc. ca. us/ghayes/yosemphot. htm (accessed February 20, 2011).

Social Theories essays

Social Theories essays Sociology has been defined s the scientific study of human interaction and, as such, is accepted as a scientific activity (Leming 1997). Social science aims at discovering and explaining observed events of and in nature by means of a framework that can be tested. The goal of sociology is, therefore, to produce a body of knowledge that will provide a body of knowledge that will provide not only an understanding of the causal processes influencing human behavior but also enable sociologists to predict social behaviors (Leming). As a science, it pursues observable and provable regularities and explains these regularities by means of a set of observable and provable propositions or statements of relationship (Leming). The very effectiveness or success of sociology lies precisely in the explanatory and predictive power of this body of knowledge derived from The basic components or elements of a theory are a conceptual scheme, a set of propositions that states the relationships between variables, and a context for verification (Leming). The conceptual scheme consists of ideas that possess abstract properties not yet immediately verifiable by direct sensory observation. It also has a system of interrelated statements of relationships between variables, which seam the parts of the concept together. The conceptual scheme and the statements of relationships are joined together and organized under a paradigm (Leming). A paradigm is the basic image of a particular subject matter within a science and serves as context for the verification (Leming 1997). It defines what should be studied and asked, how the questions should be posed and the rules to observe in interpreting the answers that will be obtained. It is the broadest unit of consensus within a science, which subsumes, defines and inter-relates the examples and/or variables, theories, methods, and instruments within it (Leming)...

the chippawa essays

the chippawa essays There is a river, out in the wilds of north ontario named chippawa.Dont ask what it means because no one really knows,the local natives say it predates their tribe,the most they can make of it is cheppuan (river of beaver).This area of land is about as far out in the sticks as one can go ,never populated by more than a thousand ,even in its heyday ,which is when our tale takes place.The chippawa was once an important trading post for the french coure-de bois (runners of wood)on the way to the untamed wildlands and good trappings of the north,their was at least one man a day passing through,which is why no one payed any thought to Louis dalembourd.Louis quickly destinguished himself from the other passerby by not leaving ,in fact he stayed thoughout the rest of summer and late into fall when he seemingly disappeared.Life went on as usual in the quiet little town,when suddenly the rev.Jeremiah Hakeswell (an englishman)lost a battle with the flu bug and was intered to eternal slumber at the age of 75,a ripe old age for these times.The people sent back to mother church for a replacement ,and were drop dead astonished when rev.Louis Dalembourd walks into town.Already their were rumours filling the air,because you see Louis was a renowned drunk,loudmouth, and rumoured rapist.As you can imagine Louis would take none of this and so the rumours seemingly stopped...at least out in the open.Months passed without any thing out of the ordinary when suddenly one of the choir girls was found dead ,throat slashed ,aparantly raped. As you can imagine the townspeople immediatley turned to Louis for their retribution.They dragged him from the church,tied him to a tree and called the dead girls father forward to take his vengeance.The father picked up a dull farmers scythe and lopped off Louiss manhood despite his chilling screams of anguish.The priests screams only further enraged the wron ...

Global Enterprise and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Enterprise and Innovation - Essay Example â€Å"Innovation has been the basis of the great performance of the Jack Daniel’s trademark, this was inclusive of the commencement and universal crush of Jack Daniel’s Tennessee Honey,† the company said. Even though the invention by and large is up to the authoritarian criteria for classification as a, straight bourbon the corporation disavows this categorization and markets it basically as Tennessee whiskey rather than as Tennessee bourbon. Packaged in distinguishing square bottles, a total of 11 million cases of the flagship "Black Label" product were sold in the corporation’s financial year ending April 30, 2013 Tennessee Honey has been seen to be incredibly popular in Brown-Forman’s next and subsequent major markets; this markets include Australia (contributing 13% of total sales) and the UK (9%), and similarly to Poland and South Africa. Brown-Forman said that Tennessee Honey, in connection with other innovations, lead to the rise of the company’s net sales by 25% in the financial year. In the meantime, the group’s portfolio of best and finest American whiskeys, are inclusive of: Woodford Reserve and Jack Daniel’s Gentleman Jack raised the sales by 20% for the duration of the year. Innovation from Jack Daniel’s portfolio played a crucial role increasing the sales by 12% expansion rate in Brown-Forman’s comprehensive voyage vend industry, motivated by the flourished Jack Daniel’s Sinatra Select. Brown-Forman viewed that the â€Å"outstanding† presentation of the Woodford Reserve product, which growth increased by 28% in course of the year, gives a bright insight of international expectations for the super-premium whiskey. The business attained concrete price hike, which assisted them expand the margin. Due to sustained international attention in North American, whiskey and constructive trends, the company remains watchfully confident that Brown-Forman’s strong and unprejudiced natural growth will carry

The surprising fact about the 17th century Spain is not so much its Essay

The surprising fact about the 17th century Spain is not so much its decline as a great power but its survival for so long.' Do y - Essay Example Spain was able to survive. The Spanish government’s decline as a great power is not as important as the how long Spain continues to survive until the end of the 17th century. Henry Arthur (1980) emphasized the English general Oliver Cromwell’s death in 1658 had inflicted a huge loss on the English Army as well as the strength of the French army. Cromwell had joined forces with the French to prevent the Stuarts from regaining the throne in England. The French were interested in the alliance because they did not want the Stuarts to return the English throne. History shows that the Stuarts did return to the English Throne in 1658 after the political turmoil that erupted in England in the same year. When King Charles II ascended the English throne, England stopped its attacks on Spain. Initially, the English commander, Cromwell, sought Catholic France’s alliance in order to defeat Catholic Spain because Cromwell believes God prefers that the Protestant religion shoul d flourish in Europe. Cromwell initially attacked the Spanish trade and treasure routes. Cromwell tried to attack the Spanish forced on Hispaniola. However, the Cromwell attacked failed because the Spanish defensive forces in Hispaniola were too strong compared to the incoming English army. Defeated, Cromwell’s forces fled and reached the shores of Jamaica in May 1655. Overall, the English Admiral Robert Blake attacks did not completely win the war against Spain. The English – French alliance was entitled the Treaty of Paris was signed in March 1657. The treaty emphasised France will join England in attacking Spain in the battle of Flanders. The treaty specified that English will send an estimated 4,900 soldiers and France will send 19,900 soldiers to fight the Spanish soldiers. The war reached the Gravelines, Mardyck and Dunkirk localities where Spain had more gains compared to the English side. Further, during Spain’s war against England, England suffered huge losses. The Spanish counter attack had eradicated the English shipping trade. In the same light, Spain also suffered huge losses when Admiral Blake blockaded Cadiz. The blockade caused a stoppage of the Spanish economy which generated most of its cash inflows from imported silver and gold coming from the Americas. Spain’s King Philip IV was extremely worried with the English Attacks in Italy, Flanders, and Portugal. Furthermore, William Guthrie (2003) reiterated the 30 years French – Spanish war precipitated from the Habsburg rivalry. France attacked Spain at Les Avins in 1635. In response, the Spanish forces used its Southern Netherlands forces to implement speedy counter attacks on French defensive positions. The counterattacks had literally maimed the French economy. In 1643, the French army crushed the previously invincible Spanish army in Rocroi, Northern France. During this time, the Catalonia revolts and the Portuguese revolts had undermined the strength of the Spanish army. During this war, the Spanish forces were trapped between the French forces on one side and the Dutch forces on the other side. As expected, the Spanish forces were trounced by the advancing French forces at the battle of Lens. However, could not overrun the losing Spanish forces strategically entrenched in Flanders. The In the Peace of Westphalia, France was given the Alsace territory. Likewise, Spain