The Cold War - 2069 Words

My research question is aimed at showing how the cold war led to establishment of supranational institutions and how realism as a level of analysis failed to predict the events that led to the end of the cold war? How the Cold War Led To Supranational Influences From the beginning of the Cold War there have been many tensions between the East and West superpowers. The proposal of the Marshal Plan of June 1947 put the integration of Europe on the map for international relations. The creators of the plan were afraid of the spread of the communist ideology to other outside Europeans outside the communist circle. It is in this way of thinking that the grand Domino Theory was established for the basis for the west to be involved in the†¦show more content†¦(Schwabe, 2001, p. 18) This policy was essentially the containment of communism spreading amongst Europe and the containment of a possible German rearmament in the future as means to appease the European community in America’s commitment to the integration of Europe. In support of this idea the Supranational structures of Europe were not very supportive and too much of the disappointment of the State Department planners in Europe. European cooperation leaned more towards intergo vernmental lines. This and the reluctance of Great Britain created a barrier for the supranationally unified Europe (Schwabe, 2001, p. 27) It is for this reason that under Kenann’s influence Dean Acheson preferred to have France as the leader for European Integration and not Great Britain. The continuing fear of Pro-Soviet West Germany pushed the State Department to vehemently support European integration which would as they thought â€Å"harness† a revived West Germany to the West. This was a well-known argument in the 1960’s in favor of supranational European integration as means to deploy the idea of â€Å"double containment†. (Schwabe, 2001, p. 30) In the west the scrambling for more or less independent nuclear deterrents did not fail to influence the attempts at European integration and thus the European Defense Community (EDC) was seen as the solve all and end all that would guarantee that the idea of double containment of

Are We Humans the Product of Nature or Nurture - 761 Words

Are we humans the product of nature or nurture? Nature is how much of your personality is genetic, what you were born with. Nurture is how much of your personality was caused because of your environment, how you were raised. So does nature or nurture contribute more to someones personality and behaviour? Or do they both play a role in shaping our lives? I hope to come to a conclusion with this debate in the end of my thesis. With nurturing, people tend to observe others actions and behaviour, and try to be like others. As a result, the human behaviour is the result of experience and imitating. The social learning theory suggests that we learn through imitation and observation. It also suggests that people learn within the†¦show more content†¦For a persons physical features; the appearance, genes play a bigger role. Yet, in the making of ones individuality and behaviour, it can be nothing more than the environment they are raised in and how they are nurtured. People are sometimes taught into a certain style and norms. Evidently, in religions, whether you’re Christian or Muslim, you are raised up with the customs that follow the religion. So its indoctrinated to you when growing up. Some people may say, no two people have the exact same genes. So everyone is genetically one of a kind. Also, people may have been raised in similar environments, so they are nearly the same nurture-wise. Then , nature could have a bigger impact. The actions of someone’s life can occur without being learned by the individual. It is believed that inherent or innate behaviour comes from the genetic structure of an individual. For instance, alcoholism, bipolar disorder or depression are all psychological disorders that can be passed heritably from a parent to the child. Studies show that children who have alcoholic parents with similar genetics are 4 times more likely to become alcoholic than children with parents are not alcoholic. 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Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Three Free Essays

string(94) " worn it since I was last in the Belikov house and had set it on the table next to the nazar\." Unfortunately, I couldn’t remember where I’d felt it before. Considering everything else that had been happening to me, the fact that I’d even recalled it at all was remarkable. My memories were a little scattered, but I did my best to sift through them, wondering where I had experienced that tickling in my brain. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now I received no answers, and pondering it all soon became as frustrating as coming up with an escape plan. And as more time passed, I realized I really did need an escape plan. The endorphin withdrawal was killing me, but I was thinking more and more clearly as the effects left my system. I was astonished at how out of it I’d let myself become. As soon as I’d allowed Dimitri to bite me†¦ I’d fallen apart. I’d lost my higher reasoning. I’d lost my strength and skills. I’d become soft and silly and stupid. Well, not entirely. If I’d completely lost it, I’d be a Strigoi now. There was some comfort, at least, in knowing that even while high on bites, some part of me had still fought through and refused to succumb. Knowing I wasn’t as entirely weak as I’d believed helped keep me going. It made it easier to ignore the yearning in my body, to distract myself with bad TV and eating all the food in the little refrigerator. I even stayed awake for a long time in the hopes of exhausting myself. It worked, and I crashed as soon as I hit the pillow, drifting into a dreamless sleep with no withdrawal effects. I was awakened later when a body slid into bed beside me. I opened my eyes and stared right into Dimitri’s red ones. For the first time in days, I looked at him with fear, not love. I kept that off my face, though, and smiled at him. I reached out and touched his face. â€Å"You’re back. I missed you.† He caught my hand and kissed my palm. â€Å"I had things to do.† The shadows shifted on his face, and I caught the tiniest glimpse of dried blood near his mouth. Grimacing, I rubbed it off with my finger. â€Å"So I see.† â€Å"It’s the natural order, Rose. How are you feeling?† â€Å"Better. Except†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What?† I looked away, conflicted again. The look in his eyes just then was more than simple curiosity. There was concern there-only a little-but it was there. Concern for me. And yet only a moment ago, I’d wiped blood from his face-blood from some poor person whose life had been snuffed out within the last few hours, most likely. â€Å"I was in Lissa’s head,† I said at last. There was no harm in telling him this. Like Nathan, he knew she was at the Academy. â€Å"And†¦ I got pushed out.† â€Å"Pushed out?† â€Å"Yeah†¦ I was seeing through her eyes like I usually do, and then some force†¦ I don’t know, an invisible hand shoved me out. I’ve never felt anything like it.† â€Å"Maybe it’s a new spirit ability.† â€Å"Maybe. Except, I’ve been watching her regularly, and I’ve never seen her practice or even consider anything like that.† He shrugged slightly and put an arm around me. â€Å"Being awakened gives you better senses and accessibility to the world. But it doesn’t make you omniscient. I don’t know why that happened to you.† â€Å"Clearly not omniscient, or else Nathan wouldn’t want information about her so badly. Why is that? Why are the Strigoi fixated on killing the royal lines? We know they’ve-you’ve-been doing it, but why? What does it matter? Isn’t a victim a victim-especially when plenty of Strigoi used to be royal Moroi?† â€Å"That requires a complicated answer. A large part of hunting Moroi royalty is fear. In your old world, royalty are held above all others. They get the best guardians, the best protection.† Yes, that was certainly true. Lissa had discovered that much at Court. â€Å"If we can still get to them through that, then what does it say? It means no one is safe. It creates fear, and fear makes people do foolish things. It makes them easier prey.† â€Å"That’s horrible.† â€Å"Prey or-â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, yeah, I know. Prey or predator.† His eyes narrowed slightly, apparently not liking the interruption. He let it go. â€Å"There’s also a benefit to unraveling Moroi leadership. That creates instability, too.† â€Å"Or maybe they’d be better off with a change of leadership,† I said. He gave me another odd look, and I was a bit startled myself. There I was, thinking like Victor Dashkov again. I realized I should just be quiet. I wasn’t behaving like my usual scattered and high self. â€Å"What’s the rest?† â€Å"The rest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  A smile curved up his lips. â€Å"The rest is prestige. We do it for the glory of it. For the reputation it gives us and the satisfaction of knowing we’re responsible for destroying that which others haven’t been able to destroy for centuries.† Simple Strigoi nature. Malice, hunting, and death. There didn’t need to be any other reasons. Dimitri’s gaze moved past me to my bedside table. It was where I took off all my jewelry at night and laid it out. All his gifts were there, glittering like some pirate’s treasure. Reaching over me, he lifted up the nazar on its chain. â€Å"You still have this.† â€Å"Yup. Not as pretty as your stuff, though.† Seeing the blue eye reminded me of my mother. I hadn’t thought about her in a very long time. Back in Baia, I’d grown to see Olena as a secondary mother, but now†¦ now I kind of wished for my own. Janine Hathaway might not cook and clean, but she was smart and competent. And in some ways, I realized with a start, we thought alike. My traits had come from her, and I knew with certainty that in this situation, she wouldn’t have stopped planning escape. â€Å"This I haven’t seen before,† Dimitri said. He’d set the nazar back down and picked up the plain silver ring Mark had given me. I hadn’t worn it since I was last in the Belikov house and had set it on the table next to the nazar. You read "Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Three" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"I got it while I was-† I stopped, realizing I hadn’t ever brought up my travels before Novosibirsk. â€Å"While you were what?† â€Å"While I was in your hometown. In Baia.† Dimitri was playing with the ring, moving it from fingertip to fingertip, but he paused and glanced over at me when I said the name. â€Å"You were there?† Strangely, we hadn’t talked much about that. I’d mentioned Novosibirsk a few times, but that was it. â€Å"I thought that’s where you’d be,† I explained. â€Å"I didn’t know that Strigoi did their hunting in cities here. I stayed with your family.† His eyes returned to the ring. He continued playing with it, twirling it and rolling it around. â€Å"And?† â€Å"And†¦ they were nice. I liked them. I hung out with Viktoria a lot.† â€Å"Why wasn’t she at school?† â€Å"It was Easter.† â€Å"Ah, right. How was she?† â€Å"Fine,† I said quickly. I couldn’t bring myself to tell him about that last night with her and Rolan. â€Å"Karolina’s good too. She reminds me of you. She really laid into some dhampir guys who were causing trouble.† He smiled again, and it was†¦ nice. I mean, the fangs still made it creepy, but it didn’t have that sinister edge I’d come to expect. There was fondness in his face, true affection that startled me. â€Å"I can see Karolina doing that. Did she have her baby yet?† â€Å"Yeah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I was still a little thrown off by that smile. â€Å"It was a girl. Zoya.† â€Å"Zoya,† he repeated, still not looking at me. â€Å"Not a bad name. How was Sonya?† â€Å"Okay. I didn’t see too much of her. She’s a little touchy†¦ Viktoria says it’s because of the pregnancy.† â€Å"Sonya’s pregnant too?† â€Å"Oh. Yeah. Six months, I think.† His smile dimmed a little bit, and he almost seemed concerned. â€Å"I suppose it had to happen sooner or later. Her decisions aren’t always as wise as Karolina’s. Karolina’s children were by choice†¦ I’m guessing Sonya’s was a surprise.† â€Å"Yeah. I kind of got that feeling too.† He ticked off the rest of his family members. â€Å"My mother and grandmother?† â€Å"Er, fine. Both of them.† This conversation was becoming increasingly strange. Not only was it the first normal one we’d had since I’d arrived, it was also the first time he’d really seemed interested in anything that wasn’t Strigoi related or that didn’t involve kissing and biting, aside from some reminiscing about our early fights together-and the teasing reminders of sex in the cabin. â€Å"Your grandmother scared me a little.† He laughed, and I flinched. It was so, so close to his old laugh. Closer than I’d ever imagined it could be. â€Å"Yes, she does that to people.† â€Å"And she pretended not to speak English.† That was a pretty small detail in the grand scheme of things, but it still kind of pissed me off. â€Å"Yes, she does that too.† He continued smiling, voice fond. â€Å"Do they all still live together? In that same house?† â€Å"Yup. I saw the books you told me about. The pretty ones-but I couldn’t read them.† â€Å"That’s where I first got into American westerns.† â€Å"Man, I loved making fun of you over those.† He chuckled. â€Å"Yes, between that, your stereotypes about Eastern European music, and the whole ? ®comrade’ thing, you had plenty of material.† I laughed too. â€Å"? ®Comrade’ and the music were kind of out of line.† I’d almost forgotten about my old nickname for him. It didn’t fit anymore. â€Å"But you brought the cowboy thing on yourself, between the leather duster and-† I stopped. I’d started to mention his duty to help those in need, but that was hardly the case anymore. He didn’t notice my lapse. â€Å"And then you left them and came to Novosibirsk?† â€Å"Yeah. I came with those dhampirs I was hunting with†¦ those other unpromised ones. I almost didn’t, though. Your family wanted me to stay. I thought about doing it.† Dimitri held the ring up to the light, face shadowed with thought. He sighed. â€Å"You probably should have.† â€Å"They’re good people.† â€Å"They are,† he said softly. â€Å"You might have been happy there.† Reaching over, he set the ring back on the table and then turned to me, bringing our mouths together. It was the softest, sweetest kiss he’d given me as a Strigoi, and my already considerable shock increased. The gentleness was fleeting, though, and a few seconds later, our kissing returned to what it usually was, forceful and hungry. I had a feeling he was hungry for more than just kissing, too, despite having fed recently. Pushing aside my confusion over how†¦ well, normal and kind he’d seemed while talking about his family, I tried to figure out how I was going to dodge more biting without raising suspicion. My body was still weak and wanting it, but in my head, I felt more like myself than I had in ages. Dimitri pulled up from the kiss, and I blurted out the first thing that came to mind before he could do anything else. â€Å"What’s it like?† â€Å"What’s what like?† â€Å"Kissing.† He frowned. Score one for me. I’d momentarily baffled an undead creature of the night. Sydney would be proud. â€Å"What do you mean?† â€Å"You said being awakened enhances all the senses. Is kissing different then?† â€Å"Ah.† Understanding flashed over his features. â€Å"It is, kind of. My sense of smell is stronger than it used to be, so your scent comes through much more intensely†¦ your sweat, the shampoo in your hair†¦ it’s beyond what you can imagine. Intoxicating. And of course, sharper taste and touch make this better.† He leaned down and kissed me again, and something about his description made my insides queasy-in a good way. That wasn’t supposed to happen. My hope was to distract him-not myself. â€Å"When we were outside the other night, the flowers were really strong. If they’re strong to me, are they overwhelming to you? I mean, do the scents get to be too much?† And so it began. I bombarded him with as many questions as I could, asking him about all aspects of Strigoi life. I wanted to know what it was like, how he felt†¦ I asked everything with curiosity and enthusiasm, biting my lip and turning thoughtful at all the right places. I could see his interest grow as I spoke, though his attitude was brisk and efficient-in no way resembling our earlier affectionate conversation. He was hoping that I was finally on the verge of agreeing to turn. As the questioning continued, so also did my outward signs of fatigue. I yawned a lot, lost my train of thought a lot. Finally, I rubbed my eyes with my hands and yawned again. â€Å"There’s so much I didn’t know†¦ still don’t know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I told you it was amazing.† Honestly, some of it was. Most of it was creepy as hell, but if you got over the whole undead and evil thing, there were definitely some perks to being Strigoi. â€Å"I have more questions,† I murmured. I closed my eyes and sighed, then opened them as though forcing myself to stay awake. â€Å"But†¦ I’m so tired†¦ I still don’t feel good. You don’t think I have a concussion, do I?† â€Å"No. And once you’re awakened, it won’t matter anyway.† â€Å"But not until you answer the rest of my questions.† The words were muffled in a yawn, but he understood. It took him a while to respond. â€Å"Okay. Not until then. But time is running out. I told you that before.† I let my lids drift closed then. â€Å"But it’s not the second day yet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No,† he said quietly. â€Å"Not yet.† I lay there, steadying my breathing as much as I could. Would my act work? It was highly possible he would still drink from me even if he thought I was asleep. I was taking a gamble here. One bite, and all my work to fight the withdrawal would be wasted. I’d reset to how I’d been. As it was, I had no clue how I was going to dodge a bite next time†¦ but then, I didn’t think there’d be a next time. I’d be a Strigoi by then. Dimitri lay beside me for a few more minutes, and then I felt him move. Inside, I braced myself. Damn. Here it came. The bite. I’d been certain that our kissing was part of the allure of him drinking from me and that if I just fell asleep, the allure would be gone. Apparently not. All my pretending was for nothing. It was all over. But it wasn’t. He got up and left. When I heard the door close, I almost thought it was a scam. I thought for sure he was trying to fake me out and still actually stood in the room. Yet when I felt the Strigoi nausea fade, I realized the truth. He really had left me, thinking I needed to sleep. My act had been convincing. I immediately sat up, turning a few different things over in my mind. In that last bit of his visit, he’d seemed†¦ well, he’d reminded me more than ever of the old Dimitri. Sure, he’d still been Strigoi through and through, but there’d been something else. A bit of warmth to his laugh. Sincere interest and affection upon hearing about his family. Had that been it? Had hearing news of his family triggered some piece of his soul buried within the monster? I confess, I felt a little jealous at the thought that they might have wrought the change in him that I couldn’t. But he’d still had that same warmth in talking about us, just a little†¦ No, no. I had to stop this. There was no change. No reversal of his state. It was wishful thinking, and the more I regained my old self, the more I realized the truth of the situation. Dimitri’s actions had made me recall something. I’d completely forgotten about Oksana’s ring. I picked it up from the table and slipped it on my finger. I felt no noticeable change, but if the healing magic was still in it, it might help me. It could expedite my body and mind healing from the withdrawal. If any of Lissa’s darkness was bleeding into me, the ring could help dampen that, too. I sighed. No matter how often I told myself I was free of her, I never would be. She was my best friend. We were connected in a way that few could understand. The denial I’d been living under lifted. I regretted my actions with Adrian now. He’d come to me for help, and I’d thrown his kindness back in his face. Now I was bereft of communication with the outside world. And thinking of Lissa reminded me again of what had happened earlier when I’d been in her mind. What had pushed me out? I hesitated, pondering my course of action. Lissa was far away and possibly in trouble. Dimitri and the other Strigoi were here. But†¦ I couldn’t walk away quite yet. I had to take one more look at her, just a quick one†¦ I found her in an unexpected place. She was with Deirdre, a counselor on campus. Lissa had been seeing a counselor ever since spirit had begun manifesting, but it had been someone else. Expanding my senses to Lissa’s thoughts, I read the story: Her counselor had left shortly after the school’s attack. Lissa had been reassigned to Deirdre-who had once counseled me when everyone thought I was going crazy over Mason’s death. Deirdre was a very polished-looking Moroi, always meticulously dressed with her blond hair styled to perfection. She didn’t look much older than us, and with me, her counseling method had resembled a police interrogation. With Lissa, she was more gentle. It figured. â€Å"Lissa, we’re a little worried about you. Normally, you would have been suspended. I actually stopped that from happening. I keep feeling like there’s something going on that you aren’t telling me. Some other issue.† Lissa suspended? I again reached in to read the situation and found it. Last night, Lissa and others had been busted for breaking into the library of all places and having an impromptu party complete with alcohol and destruction to some of the property. Good God. My best friend needed to join AA. Lissa’s arms were crossed, her demeanor almost combative. â€Å"There’s no issue. We were just trying to have fun. I’m sorry for the damage. If you want to suspend me, go ahead.† Deirdre shook her head. â€Å"That’s not my decision. My concern is the why here. I know you used to suffer from depression and other problems because of your, ah, magic. But this feels more like some kind of rebellion.† Rebellion? Oh, it was more than that. Since their fight, Lissa had been unable to find Christian, and it was killing her. She couldn’t handle downtime now. All she thought about was him-or me. Partying and risk taking were the only things that could distract her from us. â€Å"Students do this stuff all the time,† argued Lissa. â€Å"Why is it a big deal for me?† â€Å"Well, because you put yourself in danger. After the library, you were on the verge of breaking into the pool. Swimming while intoxicated is definite cause for alarm.† â€Å"Nobody drowned. Even if someone had started to, I’m sure that between all of us, we could have pulled them out.† â€Å"It’s just alarming, considering some of the self-destructive behaviors you once exhibited, like the cutting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  So it went for the next hour, and Lissa did as good a job as I used to in dodging Deirdre’s questions. When the session ended, Deirdre said she wasn’t going to recommend disciplinary action. She wanted Lissa back for more counseling. Lissa would have actually preferred detention or cleaning boards. As she stalked furiously across campus, she spotted Christian going in the opposite direction. Hope lit the blackness of her mind like sunshine. â€Å"Christian!† she yelled, running up to him. He stopped, giving her a wary look. â€Å"What do you want?† â€Å"What do you mean what do I want?† She wanted to throw herself in his arms and have him tell her everything would be okay. She was upset and overwhelmed and filled with darkness†¦ but there was a piece of vulnerability there that desperately needed him. â€Å"I haven’t been able to find you.† â€Å"I’ve just been†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His face darkened. â€Å"I don’t know. Thinking. Besides, from what I hear, you haven’t been too bored.† No surprise everyone knew about last night’s fiasco. That kind of thing spread like wildfire thanks to the Academy’s gossip mill. â€Å"It was nothing,† she said. The way he regarded her made her heart ache. â€Å"That’s the thing,† he said. â€Å"Everything’s nothing lately. All your partying. Making out with other guys. Lying.† â€Å"I haven’t been lying!† she exclaimed. â€Å"And when are you going to get over Aaron?† â€Å"You aren’t telling me the truth. It’s the same thing.† It was an echo of Jill’s sentiment. Lissa barely knew her and was really starting to hate her. â€Å"I just can’t handle this. I can’t be a part of you going back to your days of being a royal girl doing crazy stunts with your other royal friends.† Here’s the thing. If Lissa had elaborated on her feelings more, on just how much her guilt and depression were eating her up and making her spin out of control†¦ well, I think Christian would have been there for her in an instant. Despite his cynical exterior, he had a good heart-and Lissa owned most of it. Or used to. Now all he could see was her being silly and shallow and returning to a lifestyle he despised. â€Å"I’m not!† she exclaimed. â€Å"I’m just†¦ I don’t know. It just feels good to sort of let loose.† â€Å"I can’t do it,† he said. â€Å"I can’t be with you if that’s your life now.† Her eyes went wide. â€Å"Are you breaking up with me?† â€Å"I’m†¦ I don’t know. Yeah, I guess.† Lissa was so consumed by the shock and horror of this that she didn’t really see Christian the way I did, didn’t see the agony in his eyes. It destroyed him to have to do this. He was hurting too, and all he saw was the girl he loved changing and becoming someone he couldn’t be with. â€Å"Things aren’t the way they used to be.† â€Å"You can’t do that,† she cried. She didn’t see his pain. She saw him as being cruel and unfair. â€Å"We need to talk about this-figure it out-â€Å" â€Å"The time for talking’s past,† he argued. â€Å"You should have been ready to talk sooner-not now, not when things suddenly aren’t going your way.† Lissa didn’t know whether she wanted to scream or cry. She just knew she couldn’t lose Christian-not after losing me, too. If she lost both of us, there was nothing left for her in the world. â€Å"Please, don’t do this,† she begged. â€Å"I can change.† â€Å"I’m sorry,† he snapped. â€Å"I just don’t see any evidence of that.† He turned and abruptly walked away. To her, his departure was harsh and cold. But again, I’d seen the anguish in his eyes. I think he left because he knew if he stayed, he wasn’t going to be able to go through with this decision-this decision that hurt but that he felt was right. Lissa started to go after him when a hand suddenly pulled her back. She turned and saw Avery and Adrian standing there. From the looks on their faces, they’d overheard everything. â€Å"Let him go,† said Adrian gravely. He’d been the one to grab her. He dropped his hand and laced his fingers through Avery’s. â€Å"Going after him now’s just going to make it worse. Give him his space.† â€Å"He can’t do this,† said Lissa. â€Å"He can’t do this to me.† â€Å"He’s upset,† said Avery, her concern mirroring Adrian’s. â€Å"He isn’t thinking straight. Wait for him to cool off, and he’ll come around.† Lissa stared off after Christian’s retreating figure, her heart breaking. â€Å"I don’t know. I don’t know if he will. Oh God. I can’t lose him.† My own heart broke. I wanted so badly to go to her, to comfort her and be there for her. She felt so alone, and I felt horrible for leaving her. Something had pushed her into this downward spiral, and I should have been there to help her out of it. That was what best friends did. I needed to be there. Lissa turned back and looked at Avery. â€Å"I’m so confused†¦ I don’t know what to do.† Avery met her eyes, but when she did†¦ the strangest thing happened. Avery wasn’t looking at her. She was looking at me. Oh jeez. Not you again. The voice rang in my head, and snap! I was out of Lissa. There it was, the mental shove, the brush of my mind and waves of hot and cold. I stared around my room, shocked at how abrupt the transition had been. Yet I’d learned something. I knew then that Lissa hadn’t been the one to shove me out before or now. Lissa had been too distracted and too distraught. The voice? That hadn’t been hers either. And then, I finally remembered where I’d felt that brushing touch in my head. Oksana. It was the same sensation I’d experienced when she had reached out to my mind, trying to get a feel for my moods and intentions, an action that both she and Mark admitted was invasive and wrong if you weren’t bonded to someone. Carefully, I replayed what had just happened with Lissa. Once again, I saw those last few moments. Blue-gray eyes staring at me-me, not Lissa. Lissa hadn’t pushed me out of her head. Avery had. How to cite Blood Promise Chapter Twenty-Three, Essay examples

Paul of Tarsus free essay sample

Paul of tarsus is recognised as the second founder of Christianity after Jesus. He was born in tarsus somewhere between O and IOCE. Although his teachings have influenced every generation of Christianity of Christian thinking and every variant of Christianity, in Pauls early years he was a Jew and a Pharisee and was also know as Saul. As a Pharisee, he was well known for he opposition against the individuals who were preaching Jesus Christ and was first mentioned in the bible witnessing the death of Stephen the first Christian martyr. While Paul was travelling to Damascus Jesus spoke to him Saul, Saul why do you persecute me? Who are you lord? Saul asked. I am Jesus whom you are persecuting Acts 9:3-6. It was after this event that Paul of tarsus became one of the most significant people in the development of Christianity. We will write a custom essay sample on Paul of Tarsus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason why Paul of tarsus was one of the most significant persons in Christianity is because of his contributions to the development of Christianity. Some of Pauls contributions were; his missionary Journeys, his 13 letters, he recognised that Jesus message was not only for people of Jewish faith, developed some of the key heological beliefs that form the basis of Christianity and he also identified some key rituals that form the basis of Christianity. Pauls missionary Journeys (found in the acts of the apostles) where important to the development of Christianity because as well as preaching to Jews about Jesus, he also spread the word of Jesus to the Gentiles. He made three missionary Journeys in 46, 50 and 53 CE and it was after his last Journey that he was arrested for preaching. The significance of Pauls Journeys was that he spread the word of Jesus and Christianity ut of Jerusalem and helped make Christianity into a universal religion. He also established churches in the major cities of the known world at that time which included Rome and Corinth. This was significant to the development to Christianity because without Pauls missionary Journeys the word of Jesus may not have left Jerusalem. Paul also wrote 13 letters between 50-55CE. Although there is some dispute on whether he wrote them all. Some examples of the accepted letter written by Paul are; Romans, Corinthians 1, Corinthians 2 and the Philippians. Some of the disputed etters are; Corinthians 3, timothy 1 and timothy 2. The letters were written in Greek. The significance of Pauls letters are that they make up h of the Christian Bible, his letters are the earliest Christian documents that have been preserved, he is the second most prolific writer in the New testament and his letters were responsible for supporting the Christian communities that he had help establish e. g. Corinth. Pauls letters are still being used at church today love is patient, love is kind, love never fails Corinthians 1, is still being repeated in church today. Paul also recognised that Jesus message was not Just for people of Jewish faith, Paul the gentiles. In 49CE the debate regarding the inclusion of gentiles resulted in the council of Jerusalem. Pauls argument that gentiles do not need to become Jewish and undertake circumcision to become Christians prevailed at the council. This was significant to the development of Christianity because it made Christianity into a separate religion rather then Just a variant of Judaism. Paul also developed some of the key theological beliefs that form the basis of Christianity. Paul laid down some of he foundational beliefs of Christianity. That all humans will be resurrected through their beliefs in Jesus. Philippians 2:8-9. He also said that all humans can seek atonement for their sins. He laid down the trinity- the father, the son and the holy sprit. He also preached the concept of agape (selfless love). Paul also made the power of the cross as a symbol of redemption. These foundational beliefs were significant to the development of Christianity because it identified what it was to be a Christian and what Christian spirituality. His writings have inspired during time of reform in the church e. g. e reformation, Vatican 11 Paul identified some key rituals that form basis of Christianity today. He recognised the importance of baptism-symbolising death and resurrection, church meetings, and a communal meal called the lords supper commemorating the death of Jesus (Corinthians 1 11:23). These rituals are significant because they continue to be the key rituals in Christianity today Paul died a martyr and soon after his de ath he was made a saint. It was from these contributions to the development of Christianity that Paul became a saint and this is why St Paul had such a significant part of Christianity.

Paul of Tarsus free essay sample

Paul of tarsus is recognised as the second founder of Christianity after Jesus. He was born in tarsus somewhere between O and IOCE. Although his teachings have influenced every generation of Christianity of Christian thinking and every variant of Christianity, in Pauls early years he was a Jew and a Pharisee and was also know as Saul. As a Pharisee, he was well known for he opposition against the individuals who were preaching Jesus Christ and was first mentioned in the bible witnessing the death of Stephen the first Christian martyr. While Paul was travelling to Damascus Jesus spoke to him Saul, Saul why do you persecute me? Who are you lord? Saul asked. I am Jesus whom you are persecuting Acts 9:3-6. It was after this event that Paul of tarsus became one of the most significant people in the development of Christianity. We will write a custom essay sample on Paul of Tarsus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason why Paul of tarsus was one of the most significant persons in Christianity is because of his contributions to the development of Christianity. Some of Pauls contributions were; his missionary Journeys, his 13 letters, he recognised that Jesus message was not only for people of Jewish faith, developed some of the key heological beliefs that form the basis of Christianity and he also identified some key rituals that form the basis of Christianity. Pauls missionary Journeys (found in the acts of the apostles) where important to the development of Christianity because as well as preaching to Jews about Jesus, he also spread the word of Jesus to the Gentiles. He made three missionary Journeys in 46, 50 and 53 CE and it was after his last Journey that he was arrested for preaching. The significance of Pauls Journeys was that he spread the word of Jesus and Christianity ut of Jerusalem and helped make Christianity into a universal religion. He also established churches in the major cities of the known world at that time which included Rome and Corinth. This was significant to the development to Christianity because without Pauls missionary Journeys the word of Jesus may not have left Jerusalem. Paul also wrote 13 letters between 50-55CE. Although there is some dispute on whether he wrote them all. Some examples of the accepted letter written by Paul are; Romans, Corinthians 1, Corinthians 2 and the Philippians. Some of the disputed etters are; Corinthians 3, timothy 1 and timothy 2. The letters were written in Greek. The significance of Pauls letters are that they make up h of the Christian Bible, his letters are the earliest Christian documents that have been preserved, he is the second most prolific writer in the New testament and his letters were responsible for supporting the Christian communities that he had help establish e. g. Corinth. Pauls letters are still being used at church today love is patient, love is kind, love never fails Corinthians 1, is still being repeated in church today. Paul also recognised that Jesus message was not Just for people of Jewish faith, Paul the gentiles. In 49CE the debate regarding the inclusion of gentiles resulted in the council of Jerusalem. Pauls argument that gentiles do not need to become Jewish and undertake circumcision to become Christians prevailed at the council. This was significant to the development of Christianity because it made Christianity into a separate religion rather then Just a variant of Judaism. Paul also developed some of the key theological beliefs that form the basis of Christianity. Paul laid down some of he foundational beliefs of Christianity. That all humans will be resurrected through their beliefs in Jesus. Philippians 2:8-9. He also said that all humans can seek atonement for their sins. He laid down the trinity- the father, the son and the holy sprit. He also preached the concept of agape (selfless love). Paul also made the power of the cross as a symbol of redemption. These foundational beliefs were significant to the development of Christianity because it identified what it was to be a Christian and what Christian spirituality. His writings have inspired during time of reform in the church e. g. e reformation, Vatican 11 Paul identified some key rituals that form basis of Christianity today. He recognised the importance of baptism-symbolising death and resurrection, church meetings, and a communal meal called the lords supper commemorating the death of Jesus (Corinthians 1 11:23). These rituals are significant because they continue to be the key rituals in Christianity today Paul died a martyr and soon after his de ath he was made a saint. It was from these contributions to the development of Christianity that Paul became a saint and this is why St Paul had such a significant part of Christianity.

Cross cultural Management and International Business

Introduction The technological advances and achievements have brought people from different parts of the world and diverse cultural backgrounds very close. People having different cultural identities are communicating are working together (Lauring, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Cultural Management and International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is good to be close to one another and know about different cultures, however having cultural diversity at workplaces may also create havoc. There are certain things that are permissible in one culture and some are considered as cultural taboos. Organizational management requires execution of various tasks such as establishing procedures and developing strategies. Besides this, the organizations need to motivate their workforce to accomplish selected tasks. A sound understanding of the cultural diversities is necessary for carrying out these t asks (Kawar, 2012). Cross cultural management is a stream of management that emphasizes on the processes and policies involving the management of workers coming from diverse cultural backgrounds. It also facilitates the implementation of management tasks by regulating the impact of cultural differences (Sà ¸derberg Holden 2002, p.103). The contributions of two pioneers, Adler (International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour 1991) and Hofstede (Culture’s Consequences 1980) is very significant in the field of cross cultural management. In this essay we will focus on the role of culture in international business situations and also the strategies and frameworks that are appropriate in cross-cultural management. Literature Review The concept of culture According to Hofstede Geert, culture is â€Å"the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another† (cited in Kawar 2012, p.105).He studied cultural diversi ty mainly between the nationalities (Kawar 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly Gudykunst and Kim (1992) identified culture as a ‘â€Å"systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people† (Jameson, 2007, p.203).  By large groups they meant different countries. While interacting with people in an intercultural business situation, it is important to reconceptualise one’s cultural identity in order to understand others’ frame of mind Edward Hall (1959) describes culture as an influential force in casting one’s identity. He defines culture as â€Å"a mould in which we all are cast and it controls our lives in many unsuspected ways† (Jameson, 2007, p.199).  Cross-cultural relationships are very complex and unique in nature. Hence, there has to be individual consideration for each situation (Gullestrup, 2002). Cross-cultural differences and international business International managers face the challenge of working on different premises at one time including their own culture, culture of the working place or culture of their organization. Every culture has a distinct notion for terms like â€Å"authority, accountability, verification, good fellowship, creativity bureaucracy (Trompenaars Hampden-Turner, 1998, p.3). It is noteworthy that our cultural prejudices and habituated behaviours may be different. Cultural values intervene in the accurate transfer for messages between culturally diverse people (Peltokorpi, 2010). While interacting with people in an intercultural business situation, it is important to reconceptualise one’s cultural identity in order to understand others’ frame of mindCross cultural differences are studied by various authors using different paradigms. Hofstede’s four dimensions of cultural differences According to Hofstede (1980), culture can be analysed in four different ways. They are:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cross Cultural Management and International Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Individualism and Collectivism: Different cultures have different preferences about the individuals and groups. Some cultures prefer the individual over group whereas others give more importance to the group rather than the individual (cited in Kawar 2012, p.106). Individualism emphasizes on valuing one’s own interests or the interests of one’s family. Countries that cherish individualism are United States and Great Britain etc. On the other hand collectivism emphasizes on group feeling and thinks about others interests owing to loyalty. India and Singapore etc. have the traits of elevated collectivism. Power Distance: It refers to the acceptance level of employees regarding the unequal distribution of power in the organization. The high power distance cultures such as India, Mexico, and Philippines etc. relate bypassing the superiors to noncompliance; low power distance cultures do not hesitate in bypassing the boss for their own interest. Countries like USA and Israel belong to thecategory of low power distance culture (Kundu 2001). Uncertainty avoidance: According to Hofstede every culture doesn’t accept changes in the same manner. Some cultures take change as an experiment while others do not take it in this way (cited in Kawar 2012, p.106). Adler (1997) believes that high uncertainty avoidance cultures such as Japan foster permanent jobs whereas low uncertainty avoidance cultures such as Hong Kong and India witness job mobility quite frequently (cited in Kundu, 2001, p. 2). Masculinity and Femininity: Masculine societies cherish materialistic values including achievement, money and possessions whereas feminine societies lay emphasis on interactions among people, empathy for other people, and the quality of life. Countries having masculine features are India, Austria USA and Italy etc. On the other hand countries like Denmark, Norway and Sweden etc. follow femininism (Kundu 2001). Besides the above four dimensions, Adler (1997) introduced one more dimension called Confucian Dynamism. This relates to workers commitment to work ethic and admiration for their tradition. Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan demonstrate robust work ethic and hence are called the four tigers of Asia. They are highly committed to traditional Confucian principles (cited in Kundu 2001, p 5). Hall’s context and time theory Hall introduced a different dimension to cross-cultural differences. He proclaimed that culture can be differentiated on the basis of context and time. High and low context cultures: High context culture: People representing high context culture have a non-verbal behaviour. They depend more on signs and symbols and body language etc. The communication is often through code s and the agreements are spoken and flexible. The relationships are permanent and cherish a sound mutual involvement in extensive families and friendship network. Low context cultures: People representing low context culture communicate openly with clear information. They prefer putting their preferences in different sections. Communication is more clear and formal. They require detailed information regarding any decision making. Agreements are written and obligatory. The bureaucratic system leads to distribution of power, however it is difficult to identify anyone’s personal identity. Sequential or Monochronic Time theory: People representing this culture give much importance to time in their life. They stress on the proper utilization of time and sitting idle, wait for someone or having spare time is not appreciated at all. Time is money for them. Synchronic or polychromic Time theory: Time is just like the other occurrences in life for people in synchronic cultures. Human relations are more important than the time schedules for them. Time is considered a flexible commodity that can be manipulated according to the requirements. The Five dimension theory of Trompenaars Trompenaars believes that all cultures face similar challenges, but their solution differ on the depending on their attitude regarding relationship to time and nature and also with other people. He found five dimensions to his cross cultural theory: Universalism/Particularism: Universalism binds people in rules and regulations that are unchangeable, whereas particularism does not hesitate in breaking them for family and friends. Particularism directs people to change their behaviour and practices depending on the circumstances. Affective/Neutral: Affective cultures are dominated by emotions and people freely express their emotions whereas in neutral cultures reason is given more importance, people control their emotions. Diffuse/ Specific: People from specific cultures have a separate large public space and a small private space that is restricted to close acquaintances only whereas in diffuse cultures people have a common public and private space. People in specific cultures are not much cautious about their public space but in diffuse culture they are extra cautious as a peep into their public space will reveal their personal space too. Achievement/Ascription: Achievement oriented cultures attribute status depending on the achievements whereas in ascription cultures age, gender and class etc decide the status of an individual. Individualism/ Communitarianism: Individualism gives preferences to the interests of the individuals whereas communitarianism puts the interest of community over individual interest, (Ming-xiang, 2012 Management in international business The basic requirements of international management include: examining the new environment and supposing its influence on the home enterprise, implementing relevant strategies and management skills to ada pt to the new situation in a virtuous manner. International management emphasises on applying the appropriate management systems and methods based on the prerequisites of particular country and associated people (Adekola Sergi, 2012). It is mandatory for the managers to refine their cross cultural communication and negotiation skills and polish their etiquettes in order to successfully manage their business at international level. Global managers need to efficient and skilled in dealing with the challenges of like globalization, technological progress, changing environment and competition (Steers et al, 2010). Organizations encourage their managers to travel abroad in order to learn innovative skills and coordination through cross-cultural communication that would help them in managing cultural differences. This global acquaintance provides managers to experience the cultural diversity of other places. According to Yu (2007), globalization in business leads to â€Å"a compelling n eed for standardization in organizational design, management strategies, communication patterns because managers will find themselves faced with multiple challenges originating from domestic and cultural issues and socio-economic systems. Adaptation is critical and essential for corporate success† (cited in Okoro, 2013, p.2). Competency of firms at national and international level and their efficiency in communicating with the stakeholders determines their success in international situations. The expansion of a great number of multinational companies in various countries of the world has increased in the past few years.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These companies are having expansion either through direct investments or partnership arrangements that is done with the local operations. These trends are indicative of the fact that successful completion of the investment plans of corporations depends on strategic management, negotiation and communication cross-cultural business situations. Chaney Martin (2011) believe that â€Å"a good understanding and appreciation of the culture in which business is conducted can make international managers both effective and productive† (cited in Okoro, 2013, p.3).  Sensible management of cultural diversity can benefit organizations with growth and wellbeing and sustain the competition at global level. Some authors believe that companies having employees with cultural diversity witness better decentralization and authorization at local level (Dupriez as cited in Sà ¸derberg Holden, 2002). Importance of cultural management The significance of cross cultural management can be realized in the situations where cultural differences give rise to confusions and conflicts. Cultural differences may also cause miscommunication of ideas and instructions. It is essential for managers in international business to practice cross cultural management in order to avoid misjudgement and mistakes while dealing with the customers, and stakeholders and suppliers (Sà ¸derberg Holden, 2002) International business management highly requires efficiency in cross cultural management so as to avoid corporate undoing and sustain long lasting partnerships. Cultural differences are considered a barrier in communication and often create confusion and misunderstandings. However, there is also a prevailing notion that cross cultural diversity is helpful in the competitive world of international business. Cross cultural interactions can be advantageous as they allow transfer of knowledge and experiences from one cultural to another. Schneider and Barsoux (1997) believe that appropriate manage ment of cross cultural issues lies in â€Å"treating diversity as a resource rather than a threat that is essential for responding to the demands of a global market economy, for reaping the full benefits of cross-border alliances, and for enhancing organizational learning† (as cited in Sà ¸derberg Holden 2002, p.105) Cultural diversity can be acknowledged as a prospect for goal attainment as it provides ample solutions resulting in substantial competitive benefit. International businesses can utilize their resources efficiently by improving multicultural strategies and creative problem solving practices (Majlergaard, 2006). Further, Morosini (1998) and Gertsen and Sà ¸derberg (2000) declare on the basis of their studies on the subject that internal discussions and comparisons of management styles may prove beneficial for the organizations. They believe that international mergers oblige the employees to reveal their indigenous cultural distinctiveness and organizational per formances. These cultural identifications and activities are interconnected with those originating from the new working environment. Thus intermingling of these cultural identifications creates a new cultural identification associated with the new combined organization.(cited in Sà ¸derberg Holden 2002). Considering both the notions, it is evident that culture plays a significant role in the global marketing economy and requires appropriate handling by the international marketers.  Sà ¸derberg Holden (2002)proclaim that â€Å"The core task of cross cultural management in a globalizing business world is to facilitate and direct synergistic interaction and learning at interfaces, where knowledge, values and experience are transferred into multicultural domains of implementation† (p. 113). Cross cultural management becomes more significant in the world of multinational companies where co-operation may be difficult due to different cultural backgrounds of the workforces. Gl obalization has resulted in the establishment of several companies all round the world. It has increased communication across diverse cultures. Culture is learnt through communicating in different ways involving coding and decoding language and relevant symbols. Hence, culture and communication complement each other in a given situation (Kawar 2012). This case study will look into the cultural context of India and the U.S. in order to identify the cultural similarities and differences embedded within both the nationalities. Based on Hofstede’s five dimensions of cultural difference, we can evaluate the cross-cultural difference as obstacles and some commonalities that may occur as facilitators in business relations between India and the U.S. Indians believe in collectivist value system. The Indian social system is based on the hierarchical pattern where the head of the family is the decision making authority. Family is given more importance than work. Respect for elders, pare nts’ financial backing, joint family system and family owned businesses are the other features of Indian society. In the U.S. individual needs and achievements are of prime importance for the people. Decisions are not influenced by others and every individual is encouraged to pursue his personal choices. Americans have separate value for their carrier and family. Second distinction between the two countries is based on the power distance. India has a much higher score in power distance as compared to the U.S. The cultural hierarchy in India provides all authority to the boss, and employees are expected to follow the orders without raising any issues. In the U.S. this kind of power hierarchy is not found. Power is not accumulated at some levels, rather distributed equally. People are appreciated for their upward mobility and have the freedom to approach the senior managers easily (LeFebvre, 2011). Level of context is another dimension that differentiates Indian culture from Am erican culture In the U.S. communication is more explicit and straightforward. In view of the ethical behaviour in business the U.S. depends on in on professional behaviour whereas India gives more importance to relationships. American managers believe in using an analytical approach whereas Indians prefer using an intuitive approach based on the contextual circumstances while deciding ethical issues (Christie, 2000 as cited in LeFebvre, 2011). Indian culture is a high-context culture Indian and American culture has some common characteristics that make business transactions possible between them. Both the countries have roots from British colonization. People dealing in business are well aware of the rules and regulations of the business world. Kaptein (2004) studied the frequency of business codes at an international level and found that India, England and the U.S. were at the top among countries which follow business codes.  6. Recommendations: These cultural differences may po se problems for the international managers. It is important for the managers to build trust for doing business in different cultural environments. Mangers require using their managerial skills in dealing with these cross-cultural differences. For example Americans may have to adjust with ‘Boss is always right system’ in India whereas Indians will have to adapt to the openness in the hierarchical system of the organization prevalent in American culture. In cross-cultural business environments, the differences in attitude towards work can be handled with patience and determination. Time is money for Americans and they cannot afford wasting it whereas Indians are flexible about schedules and appointments. It is very important to learn about the culture of the business partners before venturing into international business. Good communication skills and adaptability to different cultural environments can help in managing cultural diversity. Conclusion Sensible management of cultural diversity can benefit organizations with growth and wellbeing and put up with the competition at global level. Cross cultural management becomes more significant in the world of multinational companies where co-operation may be difficult due to different cultural backgrounds of the workforces. International management emphasises on applying the appropriate management systems and methods based on the conditions of particular country and associated people. References Adekola, A. Sergi, B.S., 2012, Global Business Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, Hampshire, England. Adler, N.J. 1983, ‘Cross-Cultural Management: Issues to Be Faced’, International Studies of Management Organization, vol. 13, no.  ½, pp. 7-45. Gullestrup, Hans, 2002, ‘The complexity of intercultural communication in cross-cultural management’, Intercultural communication, Issue 6. Jameson, D.A., 2007, ‘Reconceptualizing, cultural identity and i ts role in intercultural business communication’, Journal of Business Communication, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 199-235. Kaptein, M., 2004, ‘Business Codes of Multinational Firms: What Do They Say?’ Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 13-31. Kawar, T.I.,2012, ‘Cross-cultural Differences in Management’, International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 105-111. Kundu, S.C., 2001, ‘Managing cross-cultural diversity: A challenge for present and future organizations’, Delhi Business Review, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1-8. Lauring, J. 2011, ‘Intercultural Organizational Communication: The social organizing of interaction in international encounters’, Journal of Business Communication, vol. 48, no.3, pp. 231-255. LeFebvre, R., 2011, ‘Cross-cultural comparison of business ethics in the U.S. and India: A study of business codes of conduct’, Journal of Emerging Knowledge on Emerging Markers, vol. 3, p p. 390-408. Majlergaard, F. D. Release the power of cultural diversity in international business, 2006. Web. Ming-xiang, L. 2012, ‘Comparison of the Studies on Intercultural Communication’, US-China Foreign Language, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1207-1213. Okoro, E. 2013, ‘International Organizations and Operations: An Analysis of Cross-Cultural Communication Effectiveness and Management Orientation’, Journal of Business Management, vol.1, no.1. Peltokorpi, V. 2010, ‘Intercultural communication in foreign subsidiaries: The influence of expatriates’ language and cultural competencies’, Scandinavian Journal of Management, vol. 26, pp. 176—188. Sà ¸derberg, A. Holden, N. 2002, ‘Rethinking Cross Cultural Management in a Globalizing Business World’, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, vol. 2, pp. 103-121. Steers, R.M., Sanchez-Runde, C.J. Nardon, L., 2010, Management across cultures: challenges and strategies, Ca mbridge University Press, New York, USA. Trompenaars, F. Hampden- Turner, C., 1998, Riding the waves of culture, 2nd edn, Nicholas Brealey Publishing Ltd, London, UK. This essay on Cross Cultural Management and International Business was written and submitted by user Muhammad S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

REBUILDING IRAQ essays

REBUILDING IRAQ essays Since the acts of terror on 9/11, President George W. Bush has cracked down on suspicious behavior all around the world to prevent future terrorist attacks. After the tragic September morning, Americans and President Bush entered a war to rid the world of terrorism and anyone responsible for supporting terrorism. On September 11, 2001, America felt its vulnerability. It was a shock to most Americans that the United States homeland was attacked by a foreign entity. President George W. Bush spoke about the war on terrorism saying, We resolved then, and we are resolved today, to confront every threat from any source that could bring sudden terror and suffering to America. There is no distinction between terrorists who commit these acts of terror and those who harbor terrorists (qtd. in Brainyquote). When America attacked Iraq and Saddam Hussein, we attacked a nation that was supported terrorism and represented a gathering threat to the American people. America could no longer ignore the threat of Saddam Husseins Iraq; our negligence could have lead to more terrorist acts and ultimately come in the form of a mushroom cloud. On June 6, 1944, American troops embarked on a mission to free Europe from the clutches of Adolph Hitler, a dictator who terrorized his own people and conquered his neighbors. Today, our troops have embarked on a mission to free Iraq from the clutches of Saddam Hussein, a dictator who terrorizes his own people and has tried to conquer his neighbors. Americas military has shredded through Iraq freeing all Iraqis from the dictatorship of Saddam with the objective of creating a new democratic Iraq. As the war in Iraq continues and casualties mount, America has shifted its focus from combat to rebuilding Iraqs infrastructure. However, there is no obvious solution in the reconstruction of a tattered Iraq. Therefore, there are many challenges and issues that are relevant to achieving a ...

Significance of Imperialism in the period before 1914 Essay

Significance of Imperialism in the period before 1914 - Essay Example lism refers to the subjugation of states and societies of the Africa, Pacific, and Asia by European great powers during the 19th and the 20th century (Wait, 2003). Many of the Westerners believed that Europe had to civilize their brothers beyond the seas. It was as a moral obligation to civilize the uncivilized. Therefore, the Missionaries ended up supporting colonization believing that European control would be helpful in spreading Christianity to the colonies (Rosenthal & RodicÃŒ , 2015). The spread of Christianity had both positively and negatively influence on the world. On a positive note, the spread of Christianity opened up the rest of the colonies and enabled the advancement of formal education and the civilization of the regions. Christianity ultimately led to the development and growth of the colonies. On a wider scope, the spread of Christianity also contributed to an end to the slave trade in the Pacific Ocean (Rosenthal & RodicÃŒ , 2015). On the other hand, the spread of Christianity impacted negatively as it was one of the key sources of first World War. The imperialist nations scrambled and grabbed colonies in the name of spreading the â€Å"Good News’ and Evangelism contributing to tensions amongst them. The result of such tensed relationship led to the formation of blocks that fueled the occurrence of World War I (Rosenthal & RodicÃŒ , 2015). The expansion course traced back to the Iberian voyage of the discovery of the fifteenth century. By 1900, the British had a colony on 400 million subjects as well as the quarter of the globe. The French had a possession of six million square miles and fifty-two million people. Germany had acquired six million square miles and had fifteen million people under its authority (Bönker, 2012). The primary aim for the scramble was for economic advancement, which ultimately led to capitalism. Powerful European nations acquired colonies that had abundant resources. Minerals such as gold and other

The Price System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Price System - Assignment Example The cigarettes packed in packets were essential for large transactions because they attracted good offers from the smokers. However, the cigarettes were also not convenient for a currency because people smoked them during the low supply seasons (Radford 1945, p. 190). The other disadvantage is that some prisoners reduced the tobacco contents in the cigarettes to make their own hand-rolled cigarettes for resale. British households devise arrangements to share their washing machines because of the high demand that the machines attract in the neighbourhoods. It is apparent that most British do not like washing their clothes because of time limitations and the high prices charged at the laundries. As a result, they enjoy spending money on expensive durable goods that they use for a few hours each week, which are cheaper than acquiring the services of the launders. During the alcohol beverages prohibition in the US between 1920 and ‘33, whisky and gin were plentiful because the clients were willing to use the substitutes. It is apparent that the shortage of a product will increase the demand of the substitute commodities. This is because the clients were willing to consume any alcoholic drink that could help them overcome the thirst or enjoy their time. Price control is government’s intervention in the liberal markets in a bid to set the maximum and minimum charges for commodities. An example of the price control is the price ceiling, which the highest price to charge, while the price floor is the lowest cost to implement. In this regard, prices set by the government can cause either a shortage or a surplus in the economy. The property rights of people are the privileges to control the way in which particular resources will be used. This does not consider the owner of the property, whether it is possessed by an individual or the

Research papers Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Papers - Research Paper Example The research shall also identify the challenges as well as the weaknesses of this service as provided by SMS mobile company, basing on the result from customer responses. Mobile usage was initially common among very few individuals who could afford the services. These were the rich businessmen of very high esteem. Today, mobile services a widely used by the young people between fifteen and eighteen years of age. This research shall involve the various stages that assist in research. Field work will be done and preceded by armchair research that shall put down the report. The research methodology shall involver interviews among the young as well as questionnaires that will be administered to one hundred respondents. The questionnaires shall basically focus on the various features of the service such as service reply reliability as well as the duration of message delivery. The questionnaire shall also seek top find the average e=ages of the respondents upon analysis. This will help fin d out the heavy users of the services and record their age bracket. The data obtained shall be analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The reason for choosing questionnaires in the research is basically because of the sample size. The sample size could be very large but the sample selected represents the views of the others due to the uniformity of mobile services. The questionnaires are very precise and do not seek to know the name of the respondents. This then encourages and increases accuracy in the data collection exercise. QUESTION 2 The first portable computers were introduced in early 1975 around California. With advancement in technology in which virtually all leading manufacturers of computers have gone through, very reliable high-speed portable computers have been introduced in the market and are widely used today in businesses as well as personal ventures. Due to the generation that has witnessed the development made in the side of computer adva ncement, the young people have been exposed more into the use of these computers. The ultimate difference or challenge in the use of these computers is the cost of acquiring a computer. This has led to the fact that only those with a reasonable income. A research has been initiated to dig deeper into the fact and figures regarding the services offered by these computers that are unique in a way that only the young are able to manipulate the computers for results. The research shall seek to find out the challenges these computers have brought as well as the significance of these computers. The research shall target young people of reasonably stable income. The challenges and general report obtained shall be used to improve the market and satisfy the potential clients. The research shall begin by identifying the objectives as well as the research questions that will help identifying the nature and scope of the study. This will lead to the sampling where a specific sample of those who will be involved in the research. The methodology shall involve the administration of questionnaires but scheduled interview shall be very effective. The effectiveness of these interviews is based on the fact that the respondents are able to demonstrate as well as show the challenges using the same computers that are in question. The sample size shall depend upon the number

Effect of Surface Area in an Experiment

Effect of Surface Area in an Experiment Title: The effect of surface area in an experiment. Chosen factor: effects of surface area Chosen experiment: Calcium carbonate and Hydrochloric acid (option 2) Questions: Will increasing the surface area of the calcium carbonate slow down the reaction rate? How do you increase the surface are of Calcium Carbonate? Will increasing the surface are of Calcium Carbonate speed up the reaction rate? Will the smaller surface area Calcium carbonate have a faster reaction rate than the larger surface area Calcium carbonate? Background Information: What is a reaction rate? A reaction rate is the rate in which a chemical reaction occurs. (Britannica.com, 2017) The reaction rate can be increased by increasing the surface area (crushed material). For example, in custard powder factories, there is a high rate of the custard powder exploding, because of the larger surface area. This happens because the finer the substance is crushed, more particles are exposed to the other substance in the experiment (BBC,2014) To increase surface area, the material needs to be crushed into a powder. For less surface area, the material needs to stay in a big clump. Diagram sourced off (BBC, 2014) This diagram shows the reaction rate of a greater surface area (blue) is much faster than the smaller surface area (red). The finer a substance is, generally, the faster the reaction rate will be. The larger surface area can also act as a Catalyst. (chemguide,2013) Collision theory is a theory based off particles of elements colliding together, which creates a chemical reaction. Any collisions without enough energy wont produce a reaction. For a reaction to occur, there must be energy within the atom which will cause them to collide together to create a chemical reaction. (BBC,2014) Calcium Carbonate and Hydrochloric acid: In the experiment the Calcium Carbonate will be crushed, then combined with the hydrochloric acid. Alongside the crushed calcium carbonate will be two other different grades of Calcium Carbonate which will have a lower surface area to each other. The different grades reaction times will be compared to each other in 3 different experiments. Experiment formula: calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water CaCoÂÂ ³ + 2HCI CaClÂÂ ² + H2O + COÂÂ ² (Chemguide, 2013) Hypothesis: It is hypothesised that when the surface area is increased, the reaction rate will speed up. When the surface area is decreased the reaction, rate will slow down because, the chemical can only react with the outside of the substance and chew away at it until there is none left, but with an increased surface area there is more atoms to react with compared to a small surface area. The independent variable that will be changed is the surface area of the calcium carbonate (small, medium, large). The dependent variable will be the time of the ration rate in each experiment. The controlled variable will be the amount of calcium carbonate and the amount of hydrochloric acid that is in each experiment. Method: Collect all equipment needed for the experiment. Setup experiment, then add 100ml of Hydrochloric acid to each of the beakers. (when adding Hydrochloric acid to the beakers, ensure eyes are at the same level of the beaker to make an accurate measurement. Add all 3 Different grades of Calcium Carbonate to each one of the beakers (make sure Calcium Carbonate is placed in each beaker with care.) Setup should look like this: Start timer and record results in a table as shown below. Surface area: Time: Large (powder) 1:02mins Medium (medium chips) 10mins+ Small (big chips) 10mins When the reaction completely stopped, all chemicals are tipped into the sink and the sink is washed clean of chemicals. All equipment that has been used is cleaned, and packed into the box. Wet and dry wipe table with disinfectant, ensuring all chemicals have been removed off the surface. Aim: The aim of the experiment was to find out if a larger surface are has a faster reaction time than a smaller surface area. Equipment list: Stopwatches (3) Calcium Carbonate: (large chips, 18g) (Small chips, 18g) (powder, 18g) Hydrochloric acid (270ml) 1M Watch glasses (3) Spatula Measuring cylinder Beakers (3) Gloves Apron Goggles Risk assessment: Possible Risk Prevention Glass breakage Carry all beakers with care. Do not try to cool glass down with cold water otherwise it will smash. Chemical spillage To not run with chemicals, and watch what you are doing with your body parts. Chemical contact with skin or cuts Wash out thoroughly Results: 1st experiment: Surface area: Time: Observations: Clarity: Large 1:02 mins Bubbling reaction, slowly dissolving, sizzling noise, long time to dissolve, white bubbles. Clear Medium 10 mins+ Bubbling reaction, makes liquid cloudy, sizzling noise, reaction is slow, little bubbles, slowed at 8 mins. Cloudy Small 10 mins+ Furious reaction in the first 10 seconds, slowed down at 15 seconds, loud sizzling noise finished just over 1 min. Very cloudy 2nd Experiment: Surface area: Time: Observations: Clarity: Large 1:01 mins Medium 10 mins+ Small 10 mins+ 3rd Experiment: Surface area: Time: Observations: Clarity: Large 1:09 mins Medium 10 mins + Small 10 mins + (Made by Mac Ross on excel) (Made by Mac Ross on excel) Discussion: All results were in seconds difference to each other. All experiments had the exact same reaction happen every time. All research that was taken was accurate. The hypothesis which was stated was It is hypothesised that when the surface area is increased, the reaction rate will speed up. When the surface area is decreased the reaction, rate will slow down because, the chemical can only react with the outside of the substance and chew away at it until there is none left, but with an increased surface area there is more atoms to react with compared to a small surface area. This hypothesis was supported, because the smaller the surface area was, the faster the reaction happened. Surface area is used in many different scenarios in the world to this day. One of these is in carburetted engines. When fuel goes though the carburettor the fuel gets made into a mist, which is far more explosive than just a drop of fuel. The graphs both show that all of the experiments were very similar. The lar ge surface area experiment when significantly quicker than the other 2. With an average of 1:04 minutes for reaction rate it smashed the other 2. The reaction mainly happened in the first 15 seconds and then slowed down a lot, but it was still fizzing. The other 2 experiments were fizzing the whole time with no increase or decrease in speed with fizzing. The Medium surface area experiment had a misty fizz to it but it wasnt anywhere near as aggressive as the large surface area experiment. We stopped the experiment at 10 minutes as it was taking too long for the experiment to end, but there was defiantly a decrease in size. The small surface area experiment was a very slow reaction compared to the large surface are reaction. Its bubbles were big and not aggressive at all. We also had to end this experiment at 10 minutes because it was taking too long. Evaluation: The Experiments went according to plan, and there were no mishaps. Having 3 experiments going at once saved us a lot of time, and having all of the calcium carbonated crushed up and ready to go also saved us lots of time, which worked well. Not being able to complete the whole reaction for the small and medium surface area reactions was something that didnt work. Our group went together like peas and carrots. To make the experiment more accurate I would have used a stronger acid, so that we could get a result for each reaction, a bigger working space so that everything wasnt cluttered, to accurate measuring equipment, so we could improve on the accuracy, and I would have taken better photos to put in the write up so that people can see the layout better. If I was to repeat this experiment again I would use less calcium carbonate and a stronger hydrochloric acid, so that we could get a time for each experiment instead of ending the experiment at 10 minutes. This also would have given us a better understanding of how surface area affects the reaction rate. Conclusion: When the surface area is increased between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, the reaction rate is sped up. The hypothesis was supported by the results in the experiment. The results showed that the research and hypothesis were all accurate, and the results were that the larger is surface area is the fast it will react. The small the surface area was, the slower the reaction was, but the experiment did have some mishaps, which can be easily be tweaked to be the perfect experiment. But the experiment was successful in finding the result we were looking for, not only because of chemical reason but because of how our group worked together as well. Reference list: Bbc.co.uk. (2017). BBC GCSE Bitesize: Effect of surface area. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/chemical_economics/reaction3rev1.shtml [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Chemguide.co.uk. (2017). The effect of surface area on rates of reaction. [online] Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/surfacearea.html [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Chemistry LibreTexts. (2017). Collision Theory. [online] Available at: https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Kinetics/Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/Collision_Theory [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017].

Comparison of The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found :: English Literature

Comparison of The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found The Little Boy Lost and The Little Boy Found are two poems that are quite different to each other, in the aspect of language used, themes and ideas, and imagery. I shall look at each poem in detail in this essay, along with the different ideas that I get from them. In The Little Boy Lost, the first stanza of the poem gives the reader images of a father ignoring, possibly abandoning his son and walking away from him. This stanza is written in first person, to show us how confused the boy is. The language the boy uses in the first stanza could tell us that his father is walking away from him completely out-of-the-blue, and he does not know what he has done and does not know why his father is leaving him. In the second stanza, we can truly see the effects of a little boy being lost. The images we get are of a young child, alone, with â€Å"no father there†, and â€Å"wet with dew†. And the language in the second stanza is the typical language describing a lost child, scared and crying. But, the â€Å"vapour† in line 4 of the second stanza could symbolise a lost and confused child going towards a light, trying anything to get out of the darkness, and the feeling of loneliness. However, in The Little Boy Found, we can tell from the title that this poem will be more optimistic and positive. In the first stanza, in the first two lines, the imagery hasn’t changed from A Little Boy Lost, a child lost and crying. But, in the last two lines of this stanza, God appears before him. This contrasts to The Little Boy Lost because his father abandoned him, but God, the â€Å"Father† to all living things comes to find him. And the introduction of the colour white in the darkness extends the idea that this poem will be more optimistic than The Little Boy Lost. In the second stanza, God takes the child back to his mother. The child’s mother is oblivious to her child being taken away,

Sierra Nevada’s

The Sierra Nevada mountain range stretches across the eastern side of the state of California. The range begins in the south at the Tehachapi Pass near Bakersfield and stretches north to Lake Almanor. The Sierra Nevada range is 400 miles long, north-to-south and has an average width of 70 miles wide. It was formed through subduction when the Pacific plate slid under the North American plate. The range is made up of deeply imbedded rock otherwise known as batholiths. The eastern slope of the mountains rose steeply which cause those slopes to be steep while the western sides are only gradually steep but not like the east 1. Thus the range provided as an early barrier to entrance into California and travelers had to go through the various passes to proceed, such as the famous Donner Pass. Although the Sierra Nevada mountain range, which in Spanish means the snowy range, is grandeur as a whole certain mountains and peaks throughout the range are more important. The biggest mountain of the whole would be Mount Whitney which happens to be the tallest mountain in all of the continental United States. Mount Whitney stands at a modest 14,505 feet. It is located right outside of the town of Lone Pine and is an obvious attraction because of its record holding. Therefore, many people are eager to reach the highest point in the US so a trail was built on the western slope to allow hikers to conquer the mountain. The main trail is the Mount Whitney trail and it is 21. 3 miles long and can be completed in a day 2. Other trails are also available but take longer and usually require overnight stays but do provide more views of the mountain. Mount Whitney is not the only mountain available to hike in the Sierra Nevada’s but is one of the most popular because of its sheer height. Another significant mountain in the range lies right up the US395 and is called Mammoth Mountain. Mammoth is actually an active volcano and was formed through a series of volcanic eruptions throughout the years. However, there are not any major eruptions anymore just minor ones. The mountain peaks at 11,059 feet but it contains a great ski resort that is actually the highest ski resort in California. Mammoth receives 400 plus inches of snow every year and is considered to be one of the best if not the best resort in California 3. Also, located near Mammoth Mountain is the National Monument called the Devil’s Postpile. It is a natural awe which is columnar basalt that is created by a lava flow that when slowly cooled and dried creates what looks like symmetrical posts. Before the site became a monument in 1911, declared by President Taft, it was almost blown up for the creation of a dam 4. Thankfully, the project was not completed or many sight seers would have not had the opportunity to see this amazing work of nature. Another spectacular sight in the Sierra Nevada range is the half dome at Yosemite National Park. The rock which is in the shape of a half dome rests above the Yosemite Valley and is a well known sight often used as a logo such as for the Sierra Club. Half Dome was formed by exfoliation where the rock cracks into sheets and then the missing face was carried away by the apparent glaciers that once filled the valley during the Pleistocene Ice Ages 5. However, geologists believe that there was never a full rock and that the current state of the rock is fairly close to what it looked like before the ice age. Nevertheless, Half Dome has dramatic views that hikers enjoy when climbing to the top. The park rangers are on site at the bottom of the rock from May to October when there are poles and wires attached to the rock to assist hikers in the 400 foot climb to the top of the rock. Basically, the Sierra’s offer numerous attractions as well as awesome views that can accommodate anyone who enjoys being outdoors and appreciates the wonders of nature. Works Cited â€Å"Devils Postpile National Monument (U. S. National Park Service). † U. S. National Park Service – Experience Your America. http://www. nps. gov/depo/index. htm (accessed February 20, 2011). â€Å"Mammoth Mountain – Skiing and Riding. † Mammoth Mountain Ski Area – Skiing, Snowboarding, Rentals, Lodging and More. http://www. mammothmountain. om/MountainActivities/WinterActivities/SkiingRiding/ (accessed February 20, 2011). â€Å"Mount Whitney: Climbing Mt Whitney. † Mount Whitney: Climbing Mt Whitney. http://www. mount-whitney. com/climbing_mt_whitney. php (accessed February 20, 2011). Resendes, Mary. â€Å"Geology of the Sierra Nevadas. † Central Sierra Historical Society. http://www. sierrahistorical. org/archives/geology. html (accessed February 20, 2011). â€Å"Yosemite National Park, California. † Learning Online @ MJC Home Page. http://virtual. yosemite. cc. ca. us/ghayes/yosemphot. htm (accessed February 20, 2011).

Social Theories essays

Social Theories essays Sociology has been defined s the scientific study of human interaction and, as such, is accepted as a scientific activity (Leming 1997). Social science aims at discovering and explaining observed events of and in nature by means of a framework that can be tested. The goal of sociology is, therefore, to produce a body of knowledge that will provide a body of knowledge that will provide not only an understanding of the causal processes influencing human behavior but also enable sociologists to predict social behaviors (Leming). As a science, it pursues observable and provable regularities and explains these regularities by means of a set of observable and provable propositions or statements of relationship (Leming). The very effectiveness or success of sociology lies precisely in the explanatory and predictive power of this body of knowledge derived from The basic components or elements of a theory are a conceptual scheme, a set of propositions that states the relationships between variables, and a context for verification (Leming). The conceptual scheme consists of ideas that possess abstract properties not yet immediately verifiable by direct sensory observation. It also has a system of interrelated statements of relationships between variables, which seam the parts of the concept together. The conceptual scheme and the statements of relationships are joined together and organized under a paradigm (Leming). A paradigm is the basic image of a particular subject matter within a science and serves as context for the verification (Leming 1997). It defines what should be studied and asked, how the questions should be posed and the rules to observe in interpreting the answers that will be obtained. It is the broadest unit of consensus within a science, which subsumes, defines and inter-relates the examples and/or variables, theories, methods, and instruments within it (Leming)...

the chippawa essays

the chippawa essays There is a river, out in the wilds of north ontario named chippawa.Dont ask what it means because no one really knows,the local natives say it predates their tribe,the most they can make of it is cheppuan (river of beaver).This area of land is about as far out in the sticks as one can go ,never populated by more than a thousand ,even in its heyday ,which is when our tale takes place.The chippawa was once an important trading post for the french coure-de bois (runners of wood)on the way to the untamed wildlands and good trappings of the north,their was at least one man a day passing through,which is why no one payed any thought to Louis dalembourd.Louis quickly destinguished himself from the other passerby by not leaving ,in fact he stayed thoughout the rest of summer and late into fall when he seemingly disappeared.Life went on as usual in the quiet little town,when suddenly the rev.Jeremiah Hakeswell (an englishman)lost a battle with the flu bug and was intered to eternal slumber at the age of 75,a ripe old age for these times.The people sent back to mother church for a replacement ,and were drop dead astonished when rev.Louis Dalembourd walks into town.Already their were rumours filling the air,because you see Louis was a renowned drunk,loudmouth, and rumoured rapist.As you can imagine Louis would take none of this and so the rumours seemingly stopped...at least out in the open.Months passed without any thing out of the ordinary when suddenly one of the choir girls was found dead ,throat slashed ,aparantly raped. As you can imagine the townspeople immediatley turned to Louis for their retribution.They dragged him from the church,tied him to a tree and called the dead girls father forward to take his vengeance.The father picked up a dull farmers scythe and lopped off Louiss manhood despite his chilling screams of anguish.The priests screams only further enraged the wron ...