The Truth! essays

The Truth! articles Christopher Columbus, the scalawag who cruised the sea blue in 1492. Columbus was a scoundrel in view of his cold-bloodedness, his falsehoods, and insatiability. He was exceptionally unfeeling to the Native Americans. He deceived his own kin. His avarice for gold caused pulverization of numerous lives. Columbus was reprobate since he didn't be anything yet pitiless to the locals of the New World. He oppressed Indians making them work under cruel conditions, for example, cleaning them and starving them, causing a huge number of locals lives by self destruction or infection. He exploited the locals liberality to him by taking all the more then a lot of gold and food from them and giving nothing consequently. As should be obvious he was remorseless to the Native Americans. Columbuss was a lowlife due to his deceives his own kin. He misled the King and Queen of Spain that he was in Asia, and that there was a great deal of gold and flavors. He additionally misled his men and the highnesses saying that he was the first to spot land. At the point when it truly was one of his crew members on the dock who spotted land first. In view of his deceives his kin demonstrates significantly more that he is a scalawag. Columbus was a scoundrel in view of his insatiability for cash. He sent a huge number of African Americas across oceans to become slaves that take a shot at sugar and tobacco estates so he would get gigantic measures of cash. He slaughtered numerous locals, however he additionally murdered a considerable lot of the Europeans since they were digging for gold. His ravenousness for cash caused numerous lives not actually what the meaning of a saint is to me. Christopher Columbus cruised the sea blue in 1492, taking three boats and a dependable team. Columbus was a scalawag in view of his mercilessness, his untruths, and insatiability. In spite of the fact that I love missing a day of school for Columbus Day; I dont like that the day is to pay tribute to a man who has never really lie, be barbarous, and need cash. It is significant for the legends to be settled that Columbus was a good man, ... <!

Are Homosexuals the only sexual abusers of boys Essay

I don't concur with the possibility that solitary gay people explicitly misuse young men. This is a fantasy that has been imparted in individuals subsequently individuals grow up with the idea that male kids must be mishandled by gay people. Sexual maltreatment in young men has gotten normal in spite of the fact that as a rule it is unreported, under-treated or under-perceived. There is little information concerning sexual maltreatment in young men which can be ascribed to the couple of studies which are conveyed around there. In spite of the fact that it isn't sure about the specific number of young men who are in danger of being explicitly mishandled, it is evaluated that one in each 6 young men is probably going to be a casualty of sexual maltreatment by the age of 16 years (Gartner, 2005). As indicated by examine, most male sexual abusers are probably going to be guys who are near the person in question however are not identified with the person in question. These culprits as a rule divert out the maltreatment from their victim’s homes, do it more than once and frequently include an entrance. Be that as it may, in some cases, the culprits can be female. It is said that there are higher odds of young men being manhandled by female culprits when contrasted with young ladies. At the point when female culprits are included, they will in general convince them instead of utilizing power rather than the male culprits who frequently use power. Consequently, one can't preclude the chance of female culprits manhandling male youngsters in light of the fact that these cases do exist (Michele, 1993). As per Spiegel (2003), individuals will in general look downward on gay as the main male sexual abusers in light of the manner in which they are raised by the general public. Most social orders accept that all gay people must have intercourse with young men and for the most part little young men. Consequently, kids are made to fear gay people since they are viewed as youngster sexual abusers. Thinking about this socially adapted circumstance, it is hard to change the assessment of the individuals about sexual maltreatment in male youngsters. Henceforth, it is significant for the general public to begin taking a gander at the issue from various perspectives, for example, female can likewise explicitly mishandle little fellows. Lion's share of these casualties don't go to the spotlight. In many examples, young men are explicitly mishandled by ladies in child rearing jobs like moms, aunties and grandmas. This sort of misuse for the most part goes unreported in view of the bond and eminence that exist between them. Such maltreatment can likewise happen when a child is given the job of spouse. The child is typically caused to feel adjusted to the mother and becomes defensive with the end goal that he continually needs to think about and satisfy his mom. The mother may place the kid in a defensive position which in the long run leaves the kid feeling incapable and lacking. On account of the security from the father’s misuse, the maltreatment from the mother may appear to be less compromising contrasted with the father’s. In spite of that, this sort of misuse at long last has huge mental impacts to the youngster (Dorais and Meyer, 2002). As indicated by an investigation that was done by Dr. William C. Holmes about sexual maltreatment in little young men, it delighted that despite the fact that greater part of male sexual abusers are male, right around 90 %, there is additionally a critical number of female abusers with immature sitters representing practically a large portion of the number of inhabitants in female culprits. It is in this way significant for legitimate measures to be set up to guarantee that young men are shielded from sexual maltreatment from both male and female culprits since they are both associated with the maltreatment.

The Urban Life Profile and the Issue of Asthma in the Case of Lewisham Research Paper

The Urban Life Profile and the Issue of Asthma in the Case of Lewisham Research Paper The Urban Life Profile and the Issue of Asthma in the Case of Lewisham as the Urban Context â€" Research Paper Example > The paper “ The Urban Life Profile and the Issue of Asthma in the Case of Lewisham as the Urban Context” is a motivating example of a research paper on health sciences medicine. Urban health refers to the study of the health of the urban populations while considering two aspects in urban health inquiry concerning the description of the urban population as a whole or as subgroups. In addition, there is a need for an assessment of understanding of the determinants of population health in cities. One of the primary importance of urban health is the growing significance of cities across the globe since more and more persons are now living in cities. Secondly, there is an improved understanding of the context in public health matters with the intention of shaping the population health. The objective of urban health is to offer new thinking while refocusing on public health on upstream or horizontal rather than the vertical and downstream approaches (Chatterjee, 2014). The purpose of this research is to examine the issue of asthma in the case of Lewisham as the urban context. This is through presentation and illustration of an account of the data and information in accordance with the data collection under the influence of observation. The study will focus on the utilization of the data collected during a visitation of the urban area with reference to 10th December 2014, 15th January 2015, and 2nd February 2015. Demographic AnalysisIn the course of addressing this research objective, the study will focus on the urban health conditions of Lewisham, which is an inner-city district in South East London, England. The area is one of the 35 major centers in Greater London. The purpose of the Lewisham London Borough Council is to incorporate an effective development plan with the intention of improving the center into becoming a metropolitan center while rivaling other inner cities such as Bromley, Croydon, and Kingston upon the Thames (Cave, Cooke, and Benson, 2004). Lewisham is one of the largest commercial areas within the context of South East London. The city tends to have numerous buildings and structures, which operate as administrative centers, business outlets, shopping centers, educational institutions, and healthcare platforms. In addition, the area focuses on the exploitation of quality and extensive transportation systems, which relates to tubes, rail, DLR, and buses to enable the ur ban dwellers to handle their needs and expectations. From this perspective, the settlement within the city is densely populated. It is critical to note that the types of houses, structures, buses, busy roads, and poor social amenities have been ideal in the generation of urban health issue (Rodgers, 2013). One of the reasons for the selection of Lewisham in the development of this report is its accessibility and qualification of being a city. In addition, it is easier to move from one location to another within the city while recording substantial data concerning the urban health issue. RationaleThere continue to be urgent calls for the council to tackle air quality in Lewisham after the city frequently ranked as one of the worst three London boroughs of air pollution-related deaths in accordance with the new statistics. Some of the main causes of deaths linked with air pollution in London include asthma, heart attack, lung cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, and dementia with reference to the data from the Office for National Statistics (National Association of County and City Health Officials, 2007). According to the findings of the study commissioned by campaign group clean air in London, Lewisham appeared fourteen times as one of the worst three boroughs in relation to the top ten causes of death for the assessment between 2010 and 2012 (Rodgers, 2013). From this perspective, air pollution is one of the major causes of asthma, which makes it ideal for the assessment in this research study as one of the critical urban health issues. These attributes are vital in the understanding and interpretation of the issue of asthma in the case of Lewisham. One of the deadly health issues in the United Kingdom is asthma. For instance, more than one million children suffer from asthma in the case of the United Kingdom. This data incorporates cases of asthma in Lewisham. The United Kingdom has one of the highest prevalence rates of asthma symptoms among children across the globe (McMichael, Montgomery, Costello, 2012). This makes it ideal for the research process to study and examine prevention strategies with reference to the case of Lewisham.

French Lesson Does Tandis Que Need the Subjunctive

Does  tandis que  need the subjunctive or is it indicative? This is a common question among French students and theres an easy answer. The primary thing you must keep in mind is that the subjunctive relies on uncertainty and there is none in  tandis que, which means while. Does  Tandis Que  Require the Subjunctive? No, tandis que does not take the subjunctive.  Tandis que  means while or as; something is happening at the same time as something else. Je cuisine tandis quelle  nettoie.I cook while she cleans. The general rule that we are taught about the subjunctive  in French is that there needs to be a level of ambiguity to the statement. In the case of our example, there is no question that I am cooking or that she is cleaning and that the two actions occur at the same time. Elle faisait ses devoirs tandis que je lisais un livre.She was doing her homework while I was reading a book. Likewise, few people could dispute the following statement: Even though the cause of the fire may be in question, the fact that I was in bed when it started is not a matter of debate. Le feu a commencà © tandis que jà ©tais au lit.The fire started while I was in bed. This is the same issue that arises with  pendant que, which also means while. The two phrases are stating a fact and, therefore, are indicative. Il tond la pelouse tandis quelle plante des fleurs.He mows the lawn while she plants flowers.Il attend pendant quils  rà ©parent la voiture.He is waiting while they repair the car.

The World Of Color, By Theu.s Marshals - 1784 Words

The U.S Marshals They’re faceless, while protecting her but they also box her in. The depiction of the guards, visually frame her and defines her space, just as they do conceptually. Conceptually, the American society consists of a multitude of advantages that are viewed as â€Å"the way it is†, unconsciously, oppressing the minorities in ways consisting in areas of opportunity: education, housing and jobs. Society has a subtle way of selling the â€Å"American Dream†: getting a chance so unique, that it only exists in a single country. Dreams are not limited; freedom, success, opportunity, perseverance, equality, justice, and safety for all. Growing up, in the world of color, it is extremely rare to exceed the social barrier when it comes to†¦show more content†¦My mother on the other hand, received her bachelors (equivalent to associate degree) from the University of Guyana in teacher education. Nobody, like my grandmother was advocate for higher education. She always say in her little accent â€Å"Gyal, there ain’t nothing like dem books!† The public education availability in the United States, in my family eyes was a way to achieve your goals in life. But, my parents were very transparent of how hard it would be for someone with color of my skin. As a little girl, my family tried in any way they could to shelter us from all the prejudices of the world. They taught me to set my limits beyond the moon, surpass the sun, because there was no abolishment in learning, in accumulating as much knowledge as one can get. But, they also instilled that whatever I wanted in life I would have to earn it and it wasn t going to be easy; I would have to fight the battle, and rise above the standards that were branded upon me. The stereotypical views that are associated with being from Brooklyn are linked to aspects of poverty. People who live in poverty rarely have ways of getting what they need done; or they become reliant on government handouts, drug dealers on almost every corner, crimes or any other stereotypical images that are depicted in Spike

The Impact the Economy Has on Zoos in the Us Free Essays

The Impact the Economy has on Zoos in the US Throughout the course of this semester, I have learned much about macroeconomics. I came into this class knowing and understanding very little about this topic and found it very hard to grasp at first. As the weeks passed, I found myself starting to understand it a little better than previously once I started to apply it to a topic that interested me. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact the Economy Has on Zoos in the Us or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being able to choose a topic to write this paper on was a very good way to get students, like myself, to actually look into real life scenarios and apply what we have learned. This is what I will be doing throughout the course of this paper. The topic I chose to apply the concepts I have learned throughout class is the effect the economy has on zoos in the United States. Zoos have been affected dramatically since our economy has started to decline. This decline has affected many, many companies, businesses, and people. Because of all this the zoos have suffered greatly over the past few years. Many different examples of zoos and how they were affected will be given throughout this paper to show the enormity of the situation they are currently in. All of the terms I use throughout this paper have been learned from my Macroeconomics book by the authors McConnell, Brue, and Flynn as cited at the end of this paper. Having said this, I am ready to talk about two struggling zoos and what cutbacks they were forced to make. The first zoo I would like to talk about is the Bronx Zoo in New York. This zoo is the largest urban zoo in the country and it has been hit hard by the dropping economy. With New York being such a large city, the state and city budgets have been cut drastically. This makes the zoo have to cut things out of their budget as well like people, exhibits, and even the animals themselves. The labor force at the zoo has been cut by 15%, this was 186 people who are not out of a job like so many others across the country. Just some more names to add to the unemployment list I guess. The zoo also had to close three of its exhibits. The animals from the exhibits were sent all over the country to others zoos that could afford to take them in (Luhby). Not only do these cuts affect the zoo itself, but it also affects the economy as a whole in New York. It is estimated that four million visitors come through the gates of the Bronx and the New York Aquarium each year. In the Fiscal year of 2008, the zoo hired 800 seasonal employees and they are the largest youth employers in the Bronx (Wildlife Conservation Society). This provides a very positive impact on the area and now that they had their nominal income lessened, these jobs are no longer available for these people to have. These are just some of the problems the Bronx Zoo is facing, but what about some other zoos? The Lincoln Park Zoo in Illinois has also been suffering with budget shortfalls like Bronx Zoo. Not only did they face cuts in their labor force and more than a million dollars cut from their budget, but they had to find other ways to make cuts as well (Mullen). They have been using substitute goods for feeding their animals. Blueberries are very expensive so they have not been buying them for their gorillas. They use these blueberries as treats, but since there is a lack of funds they have had to find other treats for them to eat. Choosing less expensive fruit is a small, but effective way to cut costs (Fountain). This is just another way another zoo was affected by the economies current state. Now that I gave you a few examples of how certain zoos are struggling, I would like to discuss just how they are impacted as a whole. There is an organization called the Association of Zoos and Aquariums or known as AZA. This organization sees over zoos all across the world. AZA hired a very recognized economist, Dr. Stephen Fuller to conduct a state-by-state economic analysis. This 21-page analysis has been used in many articles I have examined he seems to have a very strong grasp on just how the economy has affected these AZA accredited zoos. Examples of his findings from two different states will be discussed below. An example state was use to show just how much the economy was impacted by the zoos itself. Indiana brought in $84. 3 million for the national Gross Domestic Product alone. This created 947 jobs and allowed personal earnings to reach $30 million (Zoo Impact: Tens of Millions of Dollars, Hundreds of Jobs). Another example was the impact the Houston Zoo had on its’ surrounding area. Fuller said that in 2010, more than 2 million visitors were recorded to enter the gates. The operating budget at this time was around $28. million. I know that sounds like a lot to run a zoo, but in return they created an economic impact of $70. 7 million. Also in 2010, a capital budget of $24. 5 million generated an impact of $65. 9 million. This all totaled to a whopping $135. 97 million (Your Houston News). All this money is just on a state scale. Across the United States, 224 zoos were surveyed and in total they contribut ed $16 billion dollars to the Gross Domestic Product. That’s right, it is in the billions! It created around 142,000 jobs and their personal earnings were right around $4. billion (Zoo Impact: Tens of Millions of Dollars, Hundreds of Jobs). All of these numbers could increase if they simply had the funds. The economic crisis that we are in right now has caused their budgets to dwindle down and it does not just affect the zoo itself like I have shown. It affects the people whose jobs get cut because there isn’t enough money, animals lose their homes and get shipped away, and it causes zoos to make cutbacks on the food and care the animals are receiving. In whole, all of this affects the surrounding areas of the zoo and all who live there. This impact then affects the whole United States, impacting the Gross Domestic Product. People just think we can take away money from these zoos to help ourselves out, but in reality it is still hurting us. I’m not only concerned about how it affects us, but the animals are suffering as well. These animals were not asked to be given less food or smaller space to roam, but have to suffer the consequences of us humans not being able to care for them because of the economy. We do not always see how we affect the environment and things around us because we are too worried about ourselves. So not only did I take away knowing and understanding terms like GDP, Nominal income, and operating costs, but also on how each individual plays an important role in the economy. All of this has allowed me to understand just how we affect zoos because we are the economy. The economy is determined by our spending of money on goods and services and if we didn’t it would collapse completely like we are starting to witness with other countries today. ? Works Cited â€Å"Bronx Zoo, New York Aquarium and Other City Cultural Organizations Have Whale-Sized, Positive Impact on New York City Economy – Wildlife Conservation Society. WCS. org – Wildlife Conservation Society. 28 May 2009. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. . Fountain, Henry. â€Å"In Zoo Cuts, It’s Man vs. Beast. † Nytimes. com. 17 Mar. 2009. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. . Fuller, Steven S. â€Å"The Economic Impact of Spending for Operations and Construction by AZA-Accredited Zoos and Aquariums. † Aza. com. Mar. 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Houston Zoo’s Economic Impact Extends beyond Region, Study Says – Your Houston News: West University. † Your Houston News: Local Matters. 12 Aug. 2011. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. . Livingston, Guy. â€Å"The Economic Impact of The ZOO on the Northwest Florida Regional Economy. Uwf. edu. 15 Mar. 2004. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. . Luhby, Tami. â€Å"Zoo Animals Face Budget Knife. † CNNMoney – Business, Financial and Personal Finance News. 19 May 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. . McConnell, Campbell R. , Stanley L. Brue, and Sean Masaki. Flynn. Macroeconomics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2009. Print. Mullen, William. â€Å"Lincoln Park Zoo Plans Cuts. † Chicago Breaking News. 14 Jan. 2009. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. . â€Å"Zoo Impact: Tens of Millions of Dollars, Hundreds of Jobs – Newsroom. † Inside INdiana Business with Gerry Dick. 28 June 2011. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. . How to cite The Impact the Economy Has on Zoos in the Us, Essay examples

Leadership Styles and Effects on IT Organizations

Abstract The present Information Technology sector has been growing rapidly, but here exists tremendous leadership gap in IT organizations and the concept of ICT leadership remains unclean; this study has aimed to identify the leadership styles and providing a clear understanding on the IT leaders at their organizations.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Leadership Styles and Effects on IT Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With these objectives, this paper has presented theoretical perspective of leadership styles, effects of leadership on organization, leadership styles and knowledge management, leadership styles and knowledge management, apposite leadership of IT firms, evidence of leadership gaps in the IT firms, leadership conflicts in the IT firms. By interviewing 40 IT leaders of different firms, this study has identified that the modern IT firms need to have a new leadership approach rather tha n traditional leadership practice, which will focus on digital dynasty of this era. Introduction Background of Study In the changing trend of the corporate world, leadership is a vital issue in organizational psychology; however, this chapter identifies the key challenges to the IT organizations to manage the performance of the human resources. In addition, technological development from 1980s had made ICT a key element in the success of global business; therefore, great leaders are important to develop skilled workforce to manage different types of the activities of IT organizations. At the same time, the effects of leadership in IT organizations include development the concept of ICT leadership, significance of team management, influence of leadership on knowledge management, change the role of leadership in the future, present trend of human resources of such companies and so on. Statement of Problem The capacity to attract and retain qualified employees is one of the key challen ges to the IT organizations; however, previous research on the IT organizations have illustrated that staff turnover rate in this sector is extremely high, for instance, above 25% in India, 14% in China and more than 10% in the USA (Chandna Krishnan, 2009).Advertising Looking for thesis on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it becomes difficult for the employees of such organizations to keep them up-to-date with the rapid technological development and innovation; in addition, it is also significant to note that the IT organizations need to transform operational efficiency due to change the business works for adoption of new technologies (Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Pastore, 2000 and Kearney, 2004). At the same time, these organizations need to concentrate on the knowledge management and efficiency development program to collaborate with new technologies (Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Pastore, 2000; Kearney, 2004; and Den-Hartog Koopman; 2011). On the other hand, staff turnover rate had increased due to rapid expansion of IT industry in the global market; therefore, they have no effective commitment to the organization to reach vision of the companies (Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Pastore, 2000; Kearney, 2004; and Den-Hartog Koopman, 2011). However, implementation of effective leadership styles can play vital role to mitigate above-mentioned challenges though investments in leadership and execution competencies are lagging far behind (Pastore, 2000; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Kearney, 2004; and Den-Hartog Koopman; 2011). Present IT organizations are not responding in accordance with the demands of their business by adopting new technologies (Pastore, 2000; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Kearney, 2004; and Den-Hartog Koopman; 2011); most of these organizations in the developing countries have failed to meet future needs (Analoui, Doloriert Sambrook, 2013; Curraj Vladi, 2013). Purpose of Stud y It is notable that leadership plays very significant role in engendering effective knowledge management function; the rationale of this study is to assess the leadership styles and their effects on IT organizations to contribute to theory by investigating magnitude of leadership; moreover, it provides analysis of different leadership styles particularly transformational style in IT organizations. Research Question There are many research have already conducted on leadership styles and their effect on organizations, but only few articles concentrated on the IT industry; however, this thesis considers the question how the organizational leadership styles will influence the performance of information technology organizations.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Leadership Styles and Effects on IT Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature Review Theoretical Perspective of Leadership styles Leadership style is an attribute, which received substantial attention in the management literature (Analoui, Doloriert Sambrook, 2013; Politis, 2001; Adeyemi-Bello, 2001; and Curraj Vladi, 2013); however, the following table will discuss on different types of leadership styles. Different types of leadership styles 1 The Trait Approach All leaders were supposed to have certain constant characteristics, which introduce them as leaders, for example, physical features, ability (intelligence, and knowledge), personality (dominance, emotional control and expressiveness) are the main attributes of this approach (Den-Hartog Koopman; 2011; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Pastore, 2000; Kearney, 2004; and Analoui, Doloriert Sambrook, 2013); 2 Transactional Leadership Such leadership entails an exchange between leader and employees while employees obtain certain valued outcomes like more benefits other than salaries, then they act in accordance with the desire of the leaders; however, employee relat ions have developed from a number of exchanges or implied bargains among leaders and followers (Analoui, Doloriert Sambrook, 2013; Adeyemi-Bello, 2001; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; and Curraj Vladi, 2013); 3 Transformational Leadership Key issues of this style are inspirational leadership, charismatic leadership, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration; however, leaders are expected to be charismatic in the eyes of their team members (Analoui, Doloriert Sambrook, 2013; Politis, 2001; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; and Curraj Vladi, 2013); 4 Situational Approach This is a popular basis for leadership training for a long-time as it is not based on any rigid or inflexible leadership style and leaders should standardize their behavior to fit with the ‘maturity’ (Pastore, 2000; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Kearney, 2004; and Den-Hartog Koopman; 2011). Leaders take decisions taking into account of current position of the organisation; however, such approaches ar e relatively suitable for different types of team members to focus on motivation of the employees to develop relationship between leader and subordinates and to reduce pressure of the management (Pastore, 2000; Cacioppe, 1997; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Kearney, 2004; and Den-Hartog Koopman; 2011). Table 1: Different types of leadership styles Sources: Self generated from Effects of leadership on organization Management theorists and researchers argued that profiles of leaders could reflect the performance of the companies as the leaders have the most important role in implementing an ideal leadership styles (Analoui, Doloriert Sambrook, 2013; Adeyemi-Bello, 2001; Higgs, 2003; Dulewicz and Higgs, 2005; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Kearney, 2004; and Curraj Vladi, 2013). People-oriented or interaction-facilitative leaders concentrate more on the development of friendly and supportive environment and team efforts; however, people-orientation led to the higher level of performance thou gh many research show different views (Adeyemi-Bello, 2001; Higgs, 2003; Dulewicz and Higgs, 2005; Analoui, Doloriert Sambrook, 2013; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Kearney, 2004; and Curraj Vladi, 2013). At the same time, leaders of today’s business organizations have to demonstrate visualizing capability to design a clear portrait of the future to control their employees and enhance their expertise in the most attractive and efficient technique (Adeyemi-Bello, 2001; Higgs, 2003; Dulewicz and Higgs, 2005; Analoui, Doloriert Sambrook, 2013; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Politis, 2001; and Curraj Vladi, 2013). In the era of globalization, skills are essential for effective leadership as they are responsible for managing change and leading employees in the competitive international business environment (Adeyemi-Bello, 2001; Higgs, 2003; Dulewicz and Higgs, 2005; Cacioppe, 1997; Analoui, Doloriert Sambrook, 2013; Chandna Krishnan, 2009; Kearney, 2004; and Curraj Vladi, 2013).Adverti sing Looking for thesis on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Leadership Styles and Knowledge Management Analoui, et al. (2013, p.4-37) conducted a landmark study in order to identify the appropriate leadership style for IT organizations with 153 companies of the UK involved in the business of Information and communication technology; most of them are engaged with web development, software solution, hosting, networking, and communication solutions, which are highly concerned with to knowledge management activity. In the real life scenario, the ICT organizations are extremely well matched to the knowledge management area as they evidenced as knowledge demanding workplaces; however, most of their works and productions considered intellectual property and had taken the opportunity of copyright protection. The implication of knowledge in the ICT organizations start from the customers’ demands with their selected primary knowledge and formulate digital products engendering effectual knowledge management activities in the manufacturing proces s where leadership has vital role to enhance apply existing knowledge and to contribute the ICT world by creation of new knowledge. In the ICT organizations, the ‘Knowledge management’ is an umbrella term to understanding the capabilities of workforce for adoption of knowledge and it has been treated as a primary asset of the organization where leadership plays a critical role for maintaining and achieving competitive advantage by supporting effectual knowledge achievement and transfer. Although there are very little works with the style of leadership that impact on knowledge management, the literature of knowledge management presented a strong accord of leadership with the knowledge management and argued that success and failure of such activities deeply concerned with the role of leadership (Analoui, et al. 2013, p.33). Lakshman (2007, p.23) pointed out that among the different leadership concept and style, the categories of transformational and transactional leadersh ip have been evidenced to put into practice of ICT organizations; at the same time, there are also some instance of amalgamating passive-avoidant style of leadership with the above two in order to raise further productivity of ICT firms. However, the simple approach of transformational leadership presented five significant attributes, and these are presenting in the next table- 1 the leaders are well accepted 2 trusted for maintaining their elevated standards of ethical values and moral conduct, 3 possess sky-scraping regards 4 provokes enhanced loyalty from followers, 5 the team members feel pride for the opportunities to working with such leaders Table 1: five significant attributes of transformational leadership Source: Self generated At the same time, the behavior and attitudes of such leaders attract and motivate the followers and team members to develop sense of power, self-confidence, improve values and beliefs to contribute increasing productivity of the organi zation. Such leader himself inspires to improve the follower’s moral and ethical standards for decision-making, provides encouraging motivation and such leaders engage their highest efforts to motivate all around them by giving higher sense of understanding and attribute of taking challenges for their followers. In the ICT organizations, transformational leadership also generates both individual and team spirit by encouraging the followers to visualize prospective future states that come from influential verbal communication, strong actions to construct confidence by inspiring eagerness to the intellectual incentive within the supportive environment for learning opportunities of the ICT organization. On the other hand, the style of transactional leadership has two specific dimensions, such as, contingent reward and recognition reward; the first one approach of leadership illuminates expectations while the second one offers recognition while the ultimate goals are accomplished , the linked behaviors of such leadership approach provide support to others in exchange for their continuous efforts. This approach also expresses contentment while the others meet up the targeted expectations of the management; the leadership clarifies values and principles for compliance, the leaders here formulate criteria to prevent ineffective performance, keep an eye to scrutinize performance as well as capture corrective action to attain higher performance. Analoui, et al. (2013, p.4-37) and Lakshman (2007, p.23) pointed out that rather than the transformational and transactional leadership practice in the operation of IT firms; there is another approach of leadership named as ‘passive-avoidant leadership’ that amalgamated the first two approaches and lead to attain ‘management-by-exception’ through active structure of linked behavior. In some contexts, ‘passive-avoidant leadership’ is totally different while the leaders merely engage w ith corrective action, the associated dilemmas turn out to be serious, final approach of this leadership is as much as accommodating that could be considered a situation of non-leadership, the followers stay away from leaders, lack of accountability and action could be significant issue in this regard. Apposite Leadership of IT Firms Curraj and Vladi (2013, p.301) pointed out that the developed countries are going through rapid technological boom due to quick technological development as well as user-friendly adoption of ICT in the academia, business, and real life practice, as a result, the ICT leaders are under pressure to improving their performance and increase sales revenue. Due to backward linkage, the ICT sector in the developing countries had been improving remarkably to meet up the outsourcing requirement of the developed countries and continuously striving to deliver better service and improved quality of digital products where leadership quality is an important factor to that can accelerate the organizational decision-making aimed to produce better product and service. Chandna and Krishnan (2009, p.1) pointed out the present extent of IT firms have been going through quick expansion and development where the importance of leadership has increased dramatically, the traditional approach of transformational leadership and even the transactional transformational leadership has very little impact on the information technology (IT) related organizations. The transformational leadership along with its five associated work-related beliefs is less active in the IT firms than the non-IT sector and evidenced to have no straight cut effect on the commitment of the managers in non-IT and no effect at all in IT sector due to quiche technological advancement in this sector. The leader’s motivation to adopt previous user-friendly technique rather than introducing new developments and reluctance to adopt and welcome the new technology could hamper the steady growth where working standard and ethic, Marxist views of workers, organizational values, spare time ethic, and humanistic considerations are required to restructure in the IT firms. Karahanna Watson (2006, p.171) presented a new model of Information system (IS) leadership, which is a very critical area within the practice of IT firms, due to the regular integration and practice, the IT firms are escalating their dependence on Information System for both the operational firmness along with increasing effectiveness of innovation practice with aim to implementing business strategy. Here, IS Leadership style is totally different from the Leadership style of non-IT sector as the Chief Information Officer (CIO) is in the center of the model who engage his highest efforts to amalgamate the IS technical skills along with the practical understanding of the IT firms from their real-life experience. The IT firms, from their corner to corner all functions of the company from operational manag ement to the strategic would be interlinked with each other; as a result, a unique leadership challenges come into evidence within the technology dependant business interface that provide competitive advantages over the rivals. Evidence of Leadership Gaps in the IT Firms Leslie, Chandrasekar Hannum (2008, p.5) had conducted a landmark study in developing and developed countries with the leaders from the east and west and identified that leaders from the Information Technology sector of developing countries like India and others are reflected themselves are not enough prepared to take the challenges of the quick shifting dynamics of this sector. In the Information Technology sector globally, there exists a leadership in every country, the leaders from both the East and West have been assessed as ‘deficit’ of attributes and capabilities of strong leadership performance and most of them are laid behind the necessary level of leadership quality and emphasized to improve th e leadership competence quickly. The Center for Creative Leadership (2008, p.5) also added that competent leaders have to cheering the employees in order to build up their career in this sector could reduce staff turnover and it could be a better way out to overcome the major leadership gaps within the Information Technology sector (Leslie, Chandrasekar Hannum, 2008). However, lack of pressure and availability of job switching scope and moral dilemmas are the cause of lacking in this area, it is difficult to overcome such dilemmas until the industry as a whole do not agree to accommodate the switching employees without no obligation from the previous one. Leadership Conflicts in the IT Firms Curraj and Vladi (2013, p.309) pointed out another vital issue in the presents a conflicting situation while the CEO of the company comes from non-IT background and the leaders come from IT background, whatever the CEO’s competence includes there is no single element in this industry tha t can ensure steady growth that any CEO could ensure. Within IT sector, CEO has no component to confirm higher productivity or he could not ensure competitive advantage without the continuous innovation of the IT leaders, the motivation for innovation and incentive attention to the necessary investment could ensure increasing productivity in the market; thus, the IT leadership has been gaining increasing importance in this sector with a superior magnitude. It is also evidenced that the participation of the IT leaders in the corporate decision-making process has a positive impact on the growth and productivity of the company and could ensure right use of human capital utilized for innovation as well as higher return on investment. The increasing role of IT leaders in this sector could not be effective without the strong support and assistance from the CEO, any conflicting situation between the CEO and IT leader could hamper the steady growth of the company, thus, the management of th e IT firms should consider relationship of CEO and IT leader as a ‘binomial key’ to success. The joint efforts of the CEO and IT leaders could focus on the right investment decision, ICT infrastructural improvement, and sustaining innovation that ultimately generate new employment opportunities both in the developing and developed countries that would ultimately contribute to the macroeconomic factors of the nation through new project opening (Curraj and Vladi 2013, p.310). Conclusion The rising demand for competent leadership in the Information Technology sector has been meeting up by the less competence leaders and going through a severe gap; although, it necessitates critical for efficient leadership that would be capable to translate the corporate visions into pragmatic business strategies, higher effectiveness for quick problem solving, coup with changes. In the Information Technology business of modern era required to have bilateral cooperation and live communicat ion between CEO and IT leader and it would produce appropriate justification of the economic scales, political dilemmas and corporate social responsibility by addressing the underdevelopment in the economy. Methodology Research Design The main objective of chapter three is to design a methodological framework to describe the leadership styles and their effects on Information Technology organizations; this thesis will use quantitative research approach to explain collected information regarding leadership approach on the performance of the IT organizations. Data Collection Primary data has used for the definite research purpose while secondary data is existing information (Malhotra, 2009 and Sekaran, 2006); however, this thesis will consider both types of data. Here, the researcher will prepare a questionnaire for data collection to discuss different leadership styles and their effects on IT organizations; however, sample size is forty-five (50) employees and managers from five (10) information technology organizations and it is expected that 40 usable responses would be received. In addition, it will use management books, different peer journal articles, for example, Journal of Management Development, Tecnia Journal of Management Studies, Leadershil Organization Development Journal, Journal of Emerald publication, Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, and so on. Data Analysis Collected data regarding leadership styles and their effects on Information Technology organizations would be analyzed using Microsoft excel software. Results What is your responsibility in your company and you the head of your department? This is a formal question, which would ask to introduce with the respondents; however, most of the respondents are holding responsible position in the information technology department of the organizations; in addition, 20% respondents are leaders of IT department. What do you think that your information technology department is running well? In th e support of this question, highest 55% of the total respondents or 22 employees argued that information technology department is running well; conversely, 40% respondents or 16 employees stated that information technology organizations department is not running well and only 5% respondents have no opinion in this regard; however, the following figure represents the result graphically: Figure 1: Whether IT department is running well or not Source: Self generated Does the decision-making process in your company is very complex? According to the survey report on the employees and managers, highest 70% of the total respondents or 30 employees argued that the decision-making process of their company is very complex; on the other hand, 25% respondents stated that there is no complexity in decision-making process and 5% of the respondents have no idea or interest in this regard. However, the following figure represents the result graphically: Figure 2: Whether the decision-making proces s is complex or not Source: Self generated Do you take part in the significant decision making of your company? In order to response this question, 2.5% respondent or only one respondent selected first option â€Å"always†, 22.5% of the respondents argued that the leaders often take opinion of the employees for decision-making purpose, while 35% respondents said leaders never consider their opinion and highest 40% respondents stated that leaders sometimes consider their view in case of organizational change and decision-making. However, the result consistent with the secondary resources while management theorists and researchers argued that the leadership styles of information technology organizations are not based on the traditional approaches for which human resources of such organizations have limited scope to take part in decision-making. However, the following figure represents the result graphically: Figure 3: Participation of the employees in decision-making Source: S elf generated Do you think that present leaders of your organization able to adopt new technologies? In the support of this question, highest 50% of the total respondents or 20 employees argued that information technology organizations are able to adopt new technologies; on the other hand, 45% respondents or 18 employees stated that information technology organizations have no ability to adopt new technologies with existing resources and only 5% respondents have no interest in this regard. It is important to note that, the survey result consistent with the secondary resources since management theorists and researchers stated that today’s IT firms would not work tomorrow due to rapid technological development and lack of efficient human resources; however, the following figure represents the result graphically: Figure 4: Whether the leaders of IT organization able to adopt new technologies or not Source: Self generated Do your leaders take any action for skills and knowledge development? This is a significant question connecting with leadership style and knowledge management since the success of the IT organizations based on the performance of the skilled human resources since the business changes so fast, but the leaders get very limited time and resources to focus on the skills development and knowledge management. In the response of this question, about 40% of the total respondents or 16 employees stated that the leaders of IT organizations are take any action for skills and knowledge development; in contrast, 55% respondents or 22 employees stated different opinion and only 5% respondents have no idea about the initiative of the leaders for skills development. Figure 5: Whether the leaders of IT organization take any action for skills and knowledge development or not Source: Self generated To what extent the leaders are able to meet organizational commitment? This is one of the fundamental questions to assess the effectiveness of the leadership sty le in the IT organizations in order to make sure potential use of human resources. According to the survey report on the employees and managers, about 35% of the total respondents or 14 employees argued that the leaders are able to meet organizational commitment, but 62.5% respondents or 25 employees stated that the leaders have no ability to meet organizational commitment and only 2.5% respondents had no idea in this regard. Here, it is significant to address that, the survey result consistent with the secondary resources since Chandna Krishnan (2009) researched on this issue and identified that transformational leadership has no influence at all in IT industry; in addition, Kearney (2004) argued that leaders of IT organizations could not be able to meet future demand. However, the next figure represents the result graphically: Figure 6: Whether the leaders of IT organization are able to meet organizational commitment or not Source: Self generated Do you think traditional leaders hip style should change for IT Organizations? The aim of this question is to evaluate the effectiveness of the traditional leadership style in the IT organizations in order to find out a new leadership style for these organizations, such as, technology leadership, Information Systems Leadership and so on. According to the survey report on the employees and managers, highest 72.5% of the total respondents or 31 employees stated that traditional leadership style should change for IT Organizations; on the other hand, 25% respondents stated that traditional approach should not change and 2.5% of the respondents have no idea or interest in this regard. Here, it is significant to address that the survey result consistent with the secondary resources since the survey report of Kearney (2004) mentioned that more than 50% respondents support to change the traditional approach while Chandna Krishnan (2009) stated that traditional approaches are very ineffective for IT organizations; however, the next figure represents the result graphically: Figure 7: Whether traditional leadership style should change for IT Organizations or not Source: Self generated Reference List Adeyemi-Bello, T. (2001). The Impact of Leadership Style on Organizational Growth. Web. Analoui, B. D. Doloriert, C. H. Sambrook, S. (2013). Leadership and knowledge management in UK ICT organizations. Journal of Management Development, 32(1), 4-17. Cacioppe, R. (1997). Leadership moment by moment. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 18(7), 335-346. Chandna, P. Krishnan, V. R. (2009). 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Organizational Knowledge Leadership: A Grounded Theory Approach. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 28(1), 51-75. Leslie, J. B. Chandrasekar, A. Hannum, K. (2008). Understanding the Leadership Gap A Quantitative Analysis of Leadership Effectiveness. Web. Malhotra, N. K. (2009). Marketing Research- An Applied Orientation. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited. Pastore, M. (2000) . The value of word of mouth. Web. Politis, J. D. (2001). The Relationship of Various leadership Styles and Knowledge Management. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 22(8), 354-364. Sekaran, U. (2006). Research Method for Business. London: John Wiley Sons, Inc. This thesis on Leadership Styles and Effects on IT Organizations was written and submitted by user Raul S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.